linux 英文文献,英文文献原文译文--Linux

1、. . . 1.1. History1.1.1. UNIXIn order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30 years ago.Imagine computers as big as houses, even stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substantial problems, there was one thing that made this even worse: every compu。

2、ter had a different operating system. Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didnt run on another system. Being able to work with one system didnt automatically mean that you could work with another. It was difficult, both for the users and the 。

3、system administrators.Computers were extremely expensive then, and sacrifices had to be made even after the original purchase just to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost of IT was enormous.Technologically the world was not quite that advanced, so they had to live with the siz。

4、e for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a solution for the software problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operating system, which wassimple and elegantwritten in the C programming language instead of in assem。

5、bly codeable to recycle code.The Bell Labs developers named their project UNIX.The code recycling features were very important. Until then, all commercially available computer systems were written in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand needed only a small piece of th。

6、at special code, which is now commonly named the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming lang。

7、uage, C. This language was especially developed for creating the UNIX system. Using this new technique, it was much easier to develop an operating system that could run on many different types of hardware.The software vendors were quick to adapt, since they could sell ten times more software almost 。

8、effortlessly. Weird new situations came in existence: imagine for instance computers from different vendors communicating in the same network, or users working on different systems without the need for extra education to use another computer. UNIX did a great deal to help users become compatible wit。

9、h different systems.Throughout the next couple of decades the development of UNIX continued. More things became possible to do and more hardware and software vendors added support for UNIX to their products.UNIX was initially found only in very large environments with mainframes and minicomputers (n。

10、ote that a PC is a micro computer). You had to work at a university, for the government or for large financial corporations in order to get your hands on a UNIX system.But smaller computers were being developed, and by the end of the 80s, many people had home computers. By that time, there were seve。

11、ral versions of UNIX available for the PC architecture, but none of them were truly free.1.1.3. Current application of Linux systemsToday Linux has joined the desktop market. Linux developers concentrated on networking and services in the beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier。

12、 to be taken down. We dont like to admit that Microsoft is ruling this market, so plenty of alternatives have been started over the last couple of years to make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, providing an easy user interface and MS compatible office applications like word processors, s。

13、preadsheets, presentations and the like.On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and such. Especially Internet providers and Internet s。

14、ervice providers have grown fond of Linux as firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system administrator who appreciates a comfortable management station. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the creation of movies such as Titanic , Shrek and othe。

15、rs. In post offices, they are the nerve centers that route mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet searches.These are only a few of the thousands of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is performing day-to-day across the world.It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only。

16、 runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also on gadgets like PDAs, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operating system in the world covering such a wide range of hardware.1.2. The user interface1.2.1. Is Linux difficult?Whether Linux is 。

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