用python的五种方式_python单例模式的五种实现方式

1.__new__特殊方法实现

class Singleton:

def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):

cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls)

return cls._instance

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

s1 = Singleton('first')

s2= Singleton('last')

print(s1 == s2)

>> True

print(s1.name)

>> last

tips: new__方法无法避免触发__init()，初始的成员变量会进行覆盖

2.装饰器实现

def singleton(cls):

_instance = {}

def inner(*args, **kwargs):

if cls not in _instance:

_instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs)

return _instance[cls]

return inner

@singleton

class Test:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

t1 = Test('first')

t2 = Test('last')

print(t1==t2)

>> True

print(t2.name)

>> first

3.类装饰器实现

class Singleton:

def __init__(self, cls):

self._cls = cls

self._instance = {}

def __call__(self, *args):

if self._cls not in self._instance:

self._instance[self._cls] = self._cls(*args)

return self._instance[self._cls]

@Singleton

class Cls2:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

cls1 = Cls2('first')

cls2 = Cls2('last')

print(id(cls1) == id(cls2))

>> True

print(cls1.name)

>> first

4.元类实现

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class Singleton1(type):

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):

self.__instance = None

super(Singleton1, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

if self.__instance is None:

self.__instance = super(Singleton1, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)

return self.__instance

class C(metaclass=Singleton1):

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

c1 = C('first')

c2 = C('last')

print(c1 == c2)

>> True

print(c2.name)

>> first

5.模块实现

Python 的模块就是天然的单例模式，因为模块在第一次导入时，会生成 .pyc 文件，当第二次导入时，就会直接加载 .pyc 文件，而不会再次执行模块代码。

#foo1.py

class Singleton(object):

def foo(self):

pass

singleton = Singleton()

#foo.py

from foo1 import singleton