python中hasattr() getattr() setattr() 以及issubclass()等is开头的方法归纳

1. getattr():

官网文档如下
def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr
    """
    getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
    
    Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
    When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
    exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
    """
    pass

getattr(x, "y") 相当于x.y，即 获取对象x的y属性的值，如有有默认值，当属性不存在时会返回默认值，如果没有默认值并且属性不存在时，就会报错AttributeError。

举例说明：

class function_demo(object):
    name = 'demo'
    def run(self):
       return "hello function"
  
functiondemo = function_demo()
print(getattr(functiondemo, 'name')) #获取 name 属性，存在就打印出来--- demo
print(getattr(functiondemo, "run"))
# 获取 run 方法，存在打印出方法的内存地址
# <bound method function_demo.run of <__main__.function_demo object at 0x006E8A10>>
  
# print(getattr(functiondemo, "age"))
# 获取不存在的属性，报错如下：
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#   File "F:/Python/PycharmProjects/Mytest_code/tmp.py", line 11, in <module>
#     getattr(functiondemo, "age")
# AttributeError: 'function_demo' object has no attribute 'age'
  
print(getattr(functiondemo, "age", 18)) #获取不存在的属性，返回一个默认值

2. hasattr():

官方文档为：
def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

 hasattr()：返回布尔值，是否拥有对象的某个属性值。

举例说明：

class function_demo(object):
    name = 'demo'
    def run(self):
       return "hello function"
  
functiondemo = function_demo()
print(hasattr(functiondemo, 'name')) #判断对象是否有 name 属性，True
print(hasattr(functiondemo, "run")) #判断对象是否有 run 方法，True
print(hasattr(functiondemo, "age")) #判断对象是否有 age 属性，False

3. setattr():

官方文档：

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
    """
    pass

 setattr实际上就是给对象x的y属性赋值，类似x.y = v。还可以搭配hasattr和getattr。

举例说明：

class function_demo(object):
     name = 'demo'
     def run(self):
       return "hello function"
functiondemo = function_demo()
  
print(hasattr(functiondemo, 'age'))# 判断 age 属性是否存在，False
setattr(functiondemo, 'age', 18 ) #对 age 属性进行赋值，无返回值
print(hasattr(functiondemo, 'age')) #再次判断属性是否存在，True
综合使用：
class function_demo(object):
name = 'demo'
def run(self):
  return "hello function"
  
functiondemo = function_demo()
  
if hasattr(functiondemo, 'addr'):# 先判断是否存在
    addr = getattr(functiondemo, 'addr')
    print(addr)
else:
    addr = getattr(functiondemo, 'addr', setattr(functiondemo, 'addr', '首都北京'))
    #addr = getattr(functiondemo, 'addr', '美国纽约')
    print(addr)

4. issubclass():

官方文档：

def issubclass(x, A_tuple): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Return whether 'cls' is a derived from another class or is the same class.
    
    A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
    check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)
    or ...`` etc.
    """
    pass

 issubclass()方法用于判断参数x是否是类型参数A_tuple的子类。第二个参数还可以是个元组，让第一个参数分别去元组中匹配，如果有所属的类满足条件，则返回为True，反之，False。

举例说明：

class A:
    pass


class AA:
    pass


class BB:
    pass


class B(A):
    pass


print(issubclass(B, (A, AA)))  # 返回 True
print(issubclass(B, (BB, AA)))  # 返回 False

5. isinstance():

官方文档：

def isinstance(x, A_tuple): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
    
    A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
    check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
    or ...`` etc.
    """
    pass

 isinstance() 用于判断一个对象是不是指定的类型，如果是则返回True，否则返回False。

举例说明：

In [11]: isinstance("hello", str)
Out[11]: True

In [12]: isinstance(123, int)
Out[12]: True

In [13]: isinstance(123, (str, int, list))    # 第二个参数也可以是一个元组，只要是元组内的某一个类型即可返回True
Out[13]: True