r语言中的或怎么表示什么不同_在R中，赋值语句<-, <<-, =有什么区别

What’s the difference?

The main difference between the two assignment operators is scope. It’s easiest to see the difference with an example:

##Delete x (if it exists)

> rm(x)

> mean(x=1:10) #[1] 5.5

> x #Error: object 'x' not found

Here x is declared within the function’s scope of the function, so it doesn’t exist in the user workspace. Now, let’s run the same piece of code with using the

> mean(x

> x # [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

This time the x variable is declared within the user workspace.

When does the assignment take place?

In the code above, you may be tempted to thing that we “assign 1:10 to x, then calculate the mean.” This would be true for languages such as C, but it isn’t true in R. Consider the following function:

> a

> f

> f

[1] TRUE

[1] 1

Notice that the value of a hasn’t changed! In R, the value of a will only change if we need to evaluate the argument in the function. This can lead to unpredictable behaviour:

> f 0.5) TRUE else a

> f(a

[1] 2

> f(a

[1] TRUE

[1] 2

> f(a

[1] 3