1 定义
- 散列表，存储的是键-值对
- key、value都可以为空
- 映射无序
- 线程不安全
- 性能影响参数：初始容量和加载因子。当哈希表中桶的数目超过初始容量与加载因子的乘积时，要进行rehash操作。此时，桶的数量将加倍
- 默认加载因子0.75
2 构造函数
两个标准的构造方法
除此之外，一个指定容量大小的构造函数，一个指定容量大小和加载因子的构造函数
// 默认构造函数。
HashMap()
// 包含“子Map”的构造函数
HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map)
// 指定“容量大小”的构造函数
HashMap(int capacity)
// 指定“容量大小”和“加载因子”的构造函数
HashMap(int capacity, float loadFactor)
3 API
void clear()
Object clone()
boolean containsKey(Object key)
boolean containsValue(Object value)
Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet()
V get(Object key)
boolean isEmpty()
Set<K> keySet()
V put(K key, V value)
void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map)
V remove(Object key)
int size()
Collection<V> values()4 数据结构
继承关系
java.lang.Object
↳ java.util.AbstractMap<K, V>
↳ java.util.HashMap<K, V>
public class HashMap<K,V>
extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable { }
- Node实现了Map.Entry接口，本质上是一个单向链表
- 重要成员变量：table、size、modCount、threshold、loadFactor
- table:Node[]类型的数组，而Node是一个单向列表，key-value键值对就是存在Node数组里的
- size:HashMap的大小，键值对的数量
- threshold：阈值，等于容量*加载因子。超过该值时，需要进行rehash操作，桶的数量加倍
- loadFactor:加载因子，默认为0.75
- modCount:用来实现fail-fast
5 源码分析
5.1 数组存储数组
/**
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;5.2 数据结点Node的数据结构
/**
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}5.3 重要构造函数
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
* capacity and load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @param loadFactor the load factor
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
* or the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}tableSize()函数返回大于或等于输入值的2的n次方
5.4 主要对外接口
5.4.1 clear()
clear()的作用是清空hashMap
/**
* Removes all of the mappings from this map.
* The map will be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
Node<K,V>[] tab;
modCount++;
if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
size = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i)
tab[i] = null;
}
}
- 通过将数组的元素设为null来实现
5.4.2 containsKey()
判断hashMap是否包含key
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the
* specified key.
*
* @param key The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the specified
* key.
*/
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
return getNode(hash(key), key) != null;
} /**
* Implements Map.get and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @return the node, or null if none
*/
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
return null;
}
- 首先通过key的hash值找到数组索引位置
- 接着在该hash值对应的数组某一索引位置找键值等于key的元素
- 如果数组第一个元素的键值满足，返回第一个元素
- 否则，遍历数组某一索引位置的其余元素。此时需要区分结点是单链表结点还是树节点
- e.hash==hash 同一个桶中的哈希值不一定相同
两个问题需要注意：
- 如何计算key的hash值？
- 如何根据key的hash值找到数组索引位置？
问题1答案
/**
* Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
* to lower. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
* hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
* always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
* holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we
* apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
* downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
* quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
* are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
* spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
* collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
* cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
* to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
* never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
*/
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
- 高16位不变，低16位与高16位进行异或运算，使得hash值更加均匀
问题2答案
(n - 1) & hash
对数组长度取余，但比%运算效率更高
5.4.3 containsValue()
判断hashMap是否含有值为value的的元素
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
* specified value.
*
* @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
* specified value
*/
public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; V v;
if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
for (Node<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if ((v = e.value) == value ||
(value != null && value.equals(v)))
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
- 采用双层循环，第一层循环遍历数组
- 第二层循环遍历每一个桶中的所有结点
5.4.4 entrySet()、values()、keySet()
- 分别返回hashMap的键值对Set集合、键Set集合以及值Collection集合
ertrySet()
/**
* Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
* The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
* reflected in the set, and vice-versa. If the map is modified
* while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
* the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation, or through the
* <tt>setValue</tt> operation on a map entry returned by the
* iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined. The set
* supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
* mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
* <tt>Set.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt> and
* <tt>clear</tt> operations. It does not support the
* <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
*
* @return a set view of the mappings contained in this map
*/
public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es;
return (es = entrySet) == null ? (entrySet = new EntrySet()) : es;
}
final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public final int size() { return size; }
public final void clear() { HashMap.this.clear(); }
public final Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
return new EntryIterator();
}
public final boolean contains(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o;
Object key = e.getKey();
Node<K,V> candidate = getNode(hash(key), key);
return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
}
public final boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o;
Object key = e.getKey();
Object value = e.getValue();
return removeNode(hash(key), key, value, true, true) != null;
}
return false;
}
public final Spliterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> spliterator() {
return new EntrySpliterator<>(HashMap.this, 0, -1, 0, 0);
}
public final void forEach(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K,V>> action) {
Node<K,V>[] tab;
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
int mc = modCount;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
for (Node<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
action.accept(e);
}
if (modCount != mc)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
- 实际上返回一个EntrySet对象
5.4.5 get()
获取key对应的value
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
* key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
* it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
* <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
* indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
* possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
* The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
* distinguish these two cases.
*
* @see #put(Object, Object)
*/
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
- 与containsKey()方法类似，先找到键值为key的结点，然后返回该结点的value
5.4.6 put()方法
将key-value添加到hashMap中
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
- 若添加的键值对对应的key已经存在，则覆盖
- 若添加的键值对不存在，定位数组位置，添加到链表的最后面
5.4.7 putAll()
将另一个hashMap中的元素全部添加到该HashMap中
/**
* Implements Map.putAll and Map constructor
*
* @param m the map
* @param evict false when initially constructing this map, else
* true (relayed to method afterNodeInsertion).
*/
final void putMapEntries(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
int s = m.size();
if (s > 0) {
if (table == null) { // pre-size
float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
int t = ((ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
(int)ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
if (t > threshold)
threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
}
else if (s > threshold)
resize();
for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
K key = e.getKey();
V value = e.getValue();
putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
}
}
}
- 获取m键值对
- 循环调用putVal()方法
5.4.8 remove()
删除键为key的元素
/**
* Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
*
* @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V remove(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
null : e.value;
}
/**
* Implements Map.remove and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to match if matchValue, else ignored
* @param matchValue if true only remove if value is equal
* @param movable if false do not move other nodes while removing
* @return the node, or null if none
*/
final Node<K,V> removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value,
boolean matchValue, boolean movable) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, index;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
Node<K,V> node = null, e; K k; V v;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
node = p;
else if ((e = p.next) != null) {
if (p instanceof TreeNode)
node = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).getTreeNode(hash, key);
else {
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key ||
(key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
node = e;
break;
}
p = e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value ||
(value != null && value.equals(v)))) {
if (node instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable);
else if (node == p)
tab[index] = node.next;
else
p.next = node.next;
++modCount;
--size;
afterNodeRemoval(node);
return node;
}
}
return null;
}
- 本质上是删除单链表中的元素
6 HashMap实现的cloneable接口
克隆一个HashMap对象并返回
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>HashMap</tt> instance: the keys and
* values themselves are not cloned.
*
* @return a shallow copy of this map
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
public Object clone() {
HashMap<K,V> result;
try {
result = (HashMap<K,V>)super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
result.reinitialize();
result.putMapEntries(this, false);
return result;
}
- 浅拷贝
7 HashMap实现的Serializable接口
- 实现串行读取、写入功能
/**
* Save the state of the <tt>HashMap</tt> instance to a stream (i.e.,
* serialize it).
*
* @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the HashMap (the length of the
* bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the
* <i>size</i> (an int, the number of key-value
* mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
* for each key-value mapping. The key-value mappings are
* emitted in no particular order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws IOException {
int buckets = capacity();
// Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultWriteObject();
s.writeInt(buckets);
s.writeInt(size);
internalWriteEntries(s);
}
/**
* Reconstitute the {@code HashMap} instance from a stream (i.e.,
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in the threshold (ignored), loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
reinitialize();
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
s.readInt(); // Read and ignore number of buckets
int mappings = s.readInt(); // Read number of mappings (size)
if (mappings < 0)
throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " +
mappings);
else if (mappings > 0) { // (if zero, use defaults)
// Size the table using given load factor only if within
// range of 0.25...4.0
float lf = Math.min(Math.max(0.25f, loadFactor), 4.0f);
float fc = (float)mappings / lf + 1.0f;
int cap = ((fc < DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) ?
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY :
(fc >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
tableSizeFor((int)fc));
float ft = (float)cap * lf;
threshold = ((cap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
// Check Map.Entry[].class since it's the nearest public type to
// what we're actually creating.
SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Map.Entry[].class, cap);
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] tab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[cap];
table = tab;
// Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
for (int i = 0; i < mappings; i++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
K key = (K) s.readObject();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
V value = (V) s.readObject();
putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, false);
}
}
}
8 HashMap的遍历方式
8.1 遍历HashMap的键值对
- 第一步，通过entrySet()获取键值对的Set集合
- 第二步，通过Iterator迭代器遍历第一步的集合
- 第三步，分别通过getkey()、getValue()方法获取key以及value
// 假设map是HashMap对象
// map中的key是String类型，value是Integer类型
Integer integ = null;
Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)iter.next();
// 获取key
key = (String)entry.getKey();
// 获取value
integ = (Integer)entry.getValue();
}8.2 遍历HashMap的键
- 第一步，通过keySet()获取键的Set集合
- 第二步，通过Iterator迭代器遍历第一步的集合
- 第三步，通过get()获取key对应的value
// 假设map是HashMap对象
// map中的key是String类型，value是Integer类型
String key = null;
Integer integ = null;
Iterator iter = map.keySet().iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
// 获取key
key = (String)iter.next();
// 根据key，获取value
integ = (Integer)map.get(key);
}8.3 遍历HashMap的值
- 第一步，通过values()获取值的Collection集合
- 第二步，通过Iterator迭代器遍历第一步的集合
// 假设map是HashMap对象
// map中的key是String类型，value是Integer类型
Integer value = null;
Collection c = map.values();
Iterator iter= c.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
value = (Integer)iter.next();
}8.4 forEach方法
- 实现函数式接口
- 函数式接口：只有一个抽象方法
map.forEach((k,v)->{
System.out.println(k+","+v);
});9 API测试
package basicKnowledge.集合框架;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* @program:summary
* @author:peicc
* @create:2019-07-16 19:18:53
**/
public class HashMapTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMapAPITest();
}
private static void HashMapAPITest(){
Random r=new Random();
HashMap map=new HashMap();
map.put("one",r.nextInt(10));
map.put("two",r.nextInt(10));
map.put("three",r.nextInt(10));
map.put("four",r.nextInt(10));
map.put("five",r.nextInt(10));
//打印出map
System.out.println("打印出map:"+map.toString());
//遍历map
//方式1：遍历键值对
System.out.println("*******遍历键值对*********");
Iterator iterator=map.entrySet().iterator();
while(iterator.hasNext()){
Map.Entry entry=(Map.Entry)iterator.next();
System.out.println("键值对为："+entry.getKey()+"-"+entry.getValue());
}
//方式2：遍历键集合
System.out.println("*******遍历键*********");
Iterator iterator1=map.keySet().iterator();
while(iterator1.hasNext()){
String key=(String)iterator1.next();
System.out.println("键"+key+"对应的值为："+map.get(key));
}
//方式3：遍历值集合
System.out.println("*******遍历值***********");
Iterator iterator2=map.values().iterator();
while(iterator2.hasNext()){
System.out.println("值为："+iterator2.next());
}
//方法4：foreach
System.out.println("**********foreach******************遍历");
for (Map.Entry entry:map.entrySet()) {
System.out.println("key="+entry.getKey()+",value="+entry.getValue());
}
//方法5：forEach keySet
System.out.println("*********forEach方法**********");
map.keySet().forEach(e-> System.out.println(e));
//方法5-1：foreach entrySet
System.out.println("********************forEach方法entrySet");
map.entrySet().forEach(e->{
System.out.println(e.getKey()+","+e.getValue());
System.out.println();
});
//方法5-2：forEach map
System.out.println("****************forEach +Map");
map.forEach((k,v)->{
System.out.println(k+","+v);
});
}
}
扫一扫
6687
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
