defaultdict python_python3 defaultdict 和 dict的区别

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yangyzh

Python中dict详解2113

python3.0以上，print函数应为print（），不存在dict.iteritems()这个函数。5261

在python中写中文注释会报错，这时4102只要在头部加上1653# coding=gbk即可

#字典的添加、删除、修改操作

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "g" : "grape", "o" : "orange"}

dict["w"] = "watermelon"

del(dict["a"])

dict["g"] = "grapefruit"

print dict.pop("b")

print dict

dict.clear()

print dict

#字典的遍历

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "g" : "grape", "o" : "orange"}

for k in dict:

print "dict[%s] =" % k,dict[k]

#字典items()的使用

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}

#每个元素是一个key和value组成的元组，以列表的方式输出

print dict.items()

#调用items()实现字典的遍历

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "g" : "grape", "o" : "orange"}

for (k, v) in dict.items():

print "dict[%s] =" % k, v

#调用iteritems()实现字典的遍历

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}

print dict.iteritems()

for k, v in dict.iteritems():

print "dict[%s] =" % k, v

for (k, v) in zip(dict.iterkeys(), dict.itervalues()):

print "dict[%s] =" % k, v

#使用列表、字典作为字典的值

dict = {"a" : ("apple",), "bo" : {"b" : "banana", "o" : "orange"}, "g" : ["grape","grapefruit"]}

print dict["a"]

print dict["a"][0]

print dict["bo"]

print dict["bo"]["o"]

print dict["g"]

print dict["g"][1]

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}

#输出key的列表

print dict.keys()

#输出value的列表

print dict.values()

#每个元素是一个key和value组成的元组，以列表的方式输出

print dict.items()

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}

it = dict.iteritems()

print it

#字典中元素的获取方法

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana", "c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}

print dict

print dict.get("c", "apple")

print dict.get("e", "apple")

#get()的等价语句

D = {"key1" : "value1", "key2" : "value2"}

if "key1" in D:

print D["key1"]

else:

print "None"

#字典的更新

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "banana"}

print dict

dict2 = {"c" : "grape", "d" : "orange"}

dict.update(dict2)

print dict

#udpate()的等价语句

D = {"key1" : "value1", "key2" : "value2"}

E = {"key3" : "value3", "key4" : "value4"}

for k in E:

D[k] = E[k]

print D

#字典E中含有字典D中的key

D = {"key1" : "value1", "key2" : "value2"}

E = {"key2" : "value3", "key4" : "value4"}

for k in E:

D[k] = E[k]

print D

#设置默认值

dict = {}

dict.setdefault("a")

print dict

dict["a"] = "apple"

dict.setdefault("a","default")

print dict

#调用sorted()排序

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "grape", "c" : "orange", "d" : "banana"}

print dict

#按照key排序

print sorted(dict.items(), key=lambda d: d[0])

#按照value排序

print sorted(dict.items(), key=lambda d: d[1])

#字典的浅拷贝

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : "grape"}

dict2 = {"c" : "orange", "d" : "banana"}

dict2 = dict.copy()

print dict2

#字典的深拷贝

import copy

dict = {"a" : "apple", "b" : {"g" : "grape","o" : "orange"}}

dict2 = copy.deepcopy(dict)

dict3 = copy.copy(dict)

dict2["b"]["g"] = "orange"

print dict

dict3["b"]["g"] = "orange"

print dict

补充：

1 初始化

>>> d = dict(name='visaya', age=20)

>>> d = dict(zip(['name', 'age'], ['visaya', 20]))

#dict.fromkeys(listkeys, default=0) 把listkeys中的元素作为key均赋值为value，默认为0

>>> d = dict.fromkeys(['a', 'b'], 1)

>>> d

{'a': 1, 'b': 1}

2 字典视图和几何

dict.keys()类似信使可以进行交集和并集等集合操作（类似集合，因为不存在重复的项），但dict.values()不可以进行如上操作。

>>> k = d.keys()

>>> k

dict_keys(['a', 'b'])

>>> list(k)

['a', 'b']

>>> k | {'x': 3}

{'a', 'x', 'b'}

>>> k | {'x'}

{'a', 'x', 'b'}

>>> k | {'x', 'y'}

{'a', 'y', 'b', 'x'}

>>> k & {'x'}

set()

>>> v = d.values()

>>> v

dict_values([1, 2])

>>> v | {'x'}

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'dict_values' and 'set'

3 排序字典键

两种方法:

3.1 sort:

>>> Ks = list(d.keys())

>>> Ks.sort()

>>> for k in Ks:

... print(k, d[k])

...

a 1

b 2

3.2 sorted:

>>> for k in sorted(d.keys()):

... print(k, d[k])

...

a 1

b 2

3.3 注意

>>> for k in list(d.keys()).sort():

... print(k, d[k])

...

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable

出错原因：

list.sort() list.append()函数都是对自身的操作，没有返回值，故需先将list(d.keys())的结果保存下来，在结果上进行sort()

4 常用函数

4.1 get()

D.get(k[, d]) => D[k] if k in D else d. d defaults to none.

4.2 pop()

D.pop(value[, d]) => Remove specified key and return the corresponding value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

4.3 udpate()

D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.

If E has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]

If E lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v

In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]

>>> d = dict(name='visaya', age=21)

>>> d1= {'age': 20, 'sex': 'male'}

>>> d2 = zip(['a', 'b'], [1, 2])

>>> d.update(d1)

>>> d

{'age': 20, 'name': 'visaya', 'sex': 'male'}

#for k in d1: d[k] = d1[k]

>>> d.update(d2)

>>> d

{'age': 20, 'name': 'visaya', 'sex': 'male'}

#for (k, v) in d2: d[k] = v

4.4 del()

del D[key]

4.5 clear()

4.6 copy()

Python中的dict

初始化

构造方法创建

Python代码

d = dict()

d = dict(name="nico", age=23)

d = dict((['name', "nico"], ['age', 23]))

当然还有更方便，简单的

Python代码

d = {}

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

遍历

通过对key的遍历，遍历整个dict

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

for key in d:

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, d[key])

for key in d.iterkeys():

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, d[key])

for key in d.keys():

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, d[key])

for key in iter(d):

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, d[key])

for key,item in d.items():

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, item)

当然也可以直接遍历value

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

for value in d.values():

print value

for key,value in d.viewitems():

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, value)

for value in d.viewvalues():

print "value=%s" % (value)

这里values和viewvalues的区别

后者返回的是该字典的一个view对象，类似数据库中的view，当dict改变时，该view对象也跟着改变

常用方法

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

d["name"] = "aaaa"

d["address"] = "abcdefg...."

print d #{'age': 23, 'name': 'aaaa', 'address': 'abcdefg....'}

获取dict值

Python代码

print d["name"] #nico

print d.get("name") #nico

如果key不在dict中，返回default，没有为None

Python代码

print d.get("namex", "aaa") #aaa

print d.get("namex") #None

排序sorted()

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

for key in sorted(d):

print "key=%s, value=%s" % (key, d[key])

#key=age, value=23

#key=name, value=nico

删除del

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

Python代码

del d["name"]

#如果key不在dict中，抛出KeyError

del d["names"]

Python代码

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "F:\workspace\project\pydev\src\ddd\ddddd.py", line 64, in

del d["names"]

KeyError: 'names'

清空clear()

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

d.clear()

print d #{}

copy()

Python代码

d1 = d.copy() #{'age': 23, 'name': 'nico'}

#使用返回view对象

d2 = d1.viewitems() #dict_items([('age', 23), ('name', 'nico')])

#修改字典d1，新增元素

d1["cc"] = "aaaaaa"

print d2

#dict_items([('cc', 'aaaaaa'), ('age', 23), ('name', 'nico')])

pop(key[, default])

如果key在dict中，返回，不在返回default

Python代码

#如果key在dict中，返回，不在返回default

print d.pop("name", "niccco") #nico

print d.pop("namezzz", "niccco") #niccco

#key不在dict中，且default值也没有，抛出KeyError

print d.pop("namezzz") #此处抛出KeyError

popitem()

删除并返回dict中任意的一个(key,value)队，如果字典为空会抛出KeyError

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

print d.popitem() #('age', 23)

print d.popitem() #('name', 'nico')

#此时字典d已为空

print d.popitem() #此处会抛出KeyError

update([other])

将字典other中的元素加到dict中，key重复时将用other中的值覆盖

Python代码

d = {"name":"nico", "age":23}

d2 = {"name":"jack", "abcd":123}

d.update(d2)

print d #{'abcd': 123, 'age': 23, 'name': 'jack'}

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