declare begin end 中if怎么写_C++中的Lambda表达式

C++ 11引入了lambda表达式，以允许我们编写一个内联函数，该函数可用于简短的代码片段，这些代码片段将不会被重用，也不值得命名。lambda表达式可以以其最简单的形式定义如下：

[ capture clause ] (parameters) -> return-type  {      definition of method   } 

通常，lambda表达式中的return-type由编译器本身求值，我们不需要明确指定，-> return-type部分可以忽略，但在某些复杂的情况下(如条件语句)，编译器无法确定返回值 类型，我们需要指定。

下面给出具有标准功能的lambda表达式的各种用法：

// C++ program to demonstrate lambda expression in C++ #include  using namespace std;   // Function to print vector void printVector(vector v) {     // lambda expression to print vector     for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int i)     {         std::cout << i << " ";     });     cout << endl; }   int main() {     vector v {4, 1, 3, 5, 2, 3, 1, 7};       printVector(v);       // below snippet find first number greater than 4     // find_if searches for an element for which     // function(third argument) returns true     vector:: iterator p = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int i)     {         return i > 4;     });     cout << "First number greater than 4 is : " << *p << endl;         // function to sort vector, lambda expression is for sorting in     // non-decreasing order Compiler can make out return type as     // bool, but shown here just for explanation     sort(v.begin(), v.end(), [](const int& a, const int& b) -> bool    {         return a > b;     });       printVector(v);       // function to count numbers greater than or equal to 5     int count_5 = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int a)     {         return (a >= 5);     });     cout << "The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : "         << count_5 << endl;       // function for removing duplicate element (after sorting all     // duplicate comes together)     p = unique(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int a, int b)     {         return a == b;     });       // resizing vector to make size equal to total different number     v.resize(distance(v.begin(), p));     printVector(v);       // accumulate function accumulate the container on the basis of     // function provided as third argument     int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};     int f = accumulate(arr, arr + 10, 1, [](int i, int j)     {         return i * j;     });       cout << "Factorial of 10 is : " << f << endl;       //     We can also access function by storing this into variable     auto square = [](int i)     {         return i * i;     };       cout << "Square of 5 is : " << square(5) << endl; } 

输出：

4 1 3 5 2 3 1 7 First number greater than 4 is : 57 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : 27 5 4 3 2 1 Factorial of 10 is : 3628800Square of 5 is : 25

通过访问封闭范围的变量，lambda表达式可以比普通函数具有更多功能。我们可以通过三种方式从封闭范围捕获外部变量：

• 通过引用捕获
• 按值捕捉
• 两者捕获(混合捕获)

用于捕获变量的语法：

• [＆]：通过引用捕获所有外部变量
• [=]：按值捕获所有外部变量
• [a, &b]：按值捕获a，按引用捕获b

空捕获子句[]的lambda只能访问其本地变量。

捕获方式如下所示：

// C++ program to demonstrate lambda expression in C++ #include  using namespace std;   int main() {     vector v1 = {3, 1, 7, 9};     vector v2 = {10, 2, 7, 16, 9};       //  access v1 and v2 by reference     auto pushinto = [&] (int m)     {         v1.push_back(m);         v2.push_back(m);     };       // it pushes 20 in both v1 and v2     pushinto(20);       // access v1 by copy     [v1]()     {         for (auto p = v1.begin(); p != v1.end(); p++)         {             cout << *p << " ";         }     };       int N = 5;       // below snippet find first number greater than N     // [N]  denotes,   can access only N by value     vector:: iterator p = find_if(v1.begin(), v1.end(), [N](int i)     {         return i > N;     });       cout << "First number greater than 5 is : " << *p << endl;       // function to count numbers greater than or equal to N     // [=] denotes,   can access all variable     int count_N = count_if(v1.begin(), v1.end(), [=](int a)     {         return (a >= N);     });       cout << "The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : "         << count_N << endl; } 

输出：

First number greater than 5 is : 7The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : 3

Lambda表达式只能在C++ 11和更高版本上使用。