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C++ 11引入了lambda表达式,以允许我们编写一个内联函数,该函数可用于简短的代码片段,这些代码片段将不会被重用,也不值得命名。lambda表达式可以以其最简单的形式定义如下:
[ capture clause ] (parameters) -> return-type { definition of method }
通常,lambda表达式中的return-type由编译器本身求值,我们不需要明确指定,-> return-type部分可以忽略,但在某些复杂的情况下(如条件语句),编译器无法确定返回值 类型,我们需要指定。
下面给出具有标准功能的lambda表达式的各种用法:
// C++ program to demonstrate lambda expression in C++ #include using namespace std; // Function to print vector void printVector(vector v) { // lambda expression to print vector for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int i) { std::cout << i << " "; }); cout << endl; } int main() { vector v {4, 1, 3, 5, 2, 3, 1, 7}; printVector(v); // below snippet find first number greater than 4 // find_if searches for an element for which // function(third argument) returns true vector:: iterator p = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int i) { return i > 4; }); cout << "First number greater than 4 is : " << *p << endl; // function to sort vector, lambda expression is for sorting in // non-decreasing order Compiler can make out return type as // bool, but shown here just for explanation sort(v.begin(), v.end(), [](const int& a, const int& b) -> bool { return a > b; }); printVector(v); // function to count numbers greater than or equal to 5 int count_5 = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int a) { return (a >= 5); }); cout << "The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : " << count_5 << endl; // function for removing duplicate element (after sorting all // duplicate comes together) p = unique(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int a, int b) { return a == b; }); // resizing vector to make size equal to total different number v.resize(distance(v.begin(), p)); printVector(v); // accumulate function accumulate the container on the basis of // function provided as third argument int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; int f = accumulate(arr, arr + 10, 1, [](int i, int j) { return i * j; }); cout << "Factorial of 10 is : " << f << endl; // We can also access function by storing this into variable auto square = [](int i) { return i * i; }; cout << "Square of 5 is : " << square(5) << endl; }
输出:
4 1 3 5 2 3 1 7 First number greater than 4 is : 57 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : 27 5 4 3 2 1 Factorial of 10 is : 3628800Square of 5 is : 25
通过访问封闭范围的变量,lambda表达式可以比普通函数具有更多功能。我们可以通过三种方式从封闭范围捕获外部变量:
- 通过引用捕获
- 按值捕捉
- 两者捕获(混合捕获)
用于捕获变量的语法:
- [&]:通过引用捕获所有外部变量
- [=]:按值捕获所有外部变量
- [a, &b]:按值捕获a,按引用捕获b
空捕获子句[]的lambda只能访问其本地变量。
捕获方式如下所示:
// C++ program to demonstrate lambda expression in C++ #include using namespace std; int main() { vector v1 = {3, 1, 7, 9}; vector v2 = {10, 2, 7, 16, 9}; // access v1 and v2 by reference auto pushinto = [&] (int m) { v1.push_back(m); v2.push_back(m); }; // it pushes 20 in both v1 and v2 pushinto(20); // access v1 by copy [v1]() { for (auto p = v1.begin(); p != v1.end(); p++) { cout << *p << " "; } }; int N = 5; // below snippet find first number greater than N // [N] denotes, can access only N by value vector:: iterator p = find_if(v1.begin(), v1.end(), [N](int i) { return i > N; }); cout << "First number greater than 5 is : " << *p << endl; // function to count numbers greater than or equal to N // [=] denotes, can access all variable int count_N = count_if(v1.begin(), v1.end(), [=](int a) { return (a >= N); }); cout << "The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : " << count_N << endl; }
输出:
First number greater than 5 is : 7The number of elements greater than or equal to 5 is : 3
Lambda表达式只能在C++ 11和更高版本上使用。