在python中常用的输入输出语句分别是_7. 输入输出

7.1.更漂亮的输出格式¶

到目前为止，我们遇到了两种写入值的方法：表达式语句 和 print() 函数。（第三种是使用文件对象的 write() 方法；标准输出文件可以作为 sys.stdout 引用。更多相关信息可参考标准库指南。）

Often you’ll want more control over the formatting of your output than simply

printing space-separated values. There are two ways to format your output; the

first way is to do all the string handling yourself; using string slicing and

concatenation operations you can create any layout you can imagine. The

string type has some methods that perform useful operations for padding

strings to a given column width; these will be discussed shortly. The second

way is to use formatted string literals, or the

str.format() method.

The string module contains a Template class which offers

yet another way to substitute values into strings.

One question remains, of course: how do you convert values to strings? Luckily,

Python has ways to convert any value to a string: pass it to the repr()

or str() functions.

str() 函数是用于返回人类可读的值的表示，而 repr() 是用于生成解释器可读的表示（如果没有等效的语法，则会强制执行 SyntaxError）对于没有人类可读性的表示的对象， str() 将返回和 repr() 一样的值。很多值使用任一函数都具有相同的表示，比如数字或类似列表和字典的结构。特殊的是字符串有两个不同的表示。

几个例子:

>>>s = 'Hello, world.'

>>>str(s)

'Hello, world.'

>>>repr(s)

"'Hello, world.'"

>>>str(1/7)

'0.14285714285714285'

>>>x = 10 * 3.25

>>>y = 200 * 200

>>>s = 'The value of x is ' + repr(x) + ', and y is ' + repr(y) + '...'

>>>print(s)

The value of x is 32.5, and y is 40000...

>>># The repr() of a string adds string quotes and backslashes:

...hello = 'hello, world\n'

>>>hellos = repr(hello)

>>>print(hellos)

'hello, world\n'

>>># The argument to repr() may be any Python object:

...repr((x, y, ('spam', 'eggs')))

"(32.5, 40000, ('spam', 'eggs'))"

Here are two ways to write a table of squares and cubes:

>>>for x in range(1, 11):

... print(repr(x).rjust(2), repr(x*x).rjust(3), end=' ')

... # Note use of 'end' on previous line

... print(repr(x*x*x).rjust(4))

...

1 1 1

2 4 8

3 9 27

4 16 64

5 25 125

6 36 216

7 49 343

8 64 512

9 81 729

10 100 1000

>>>for x in range(1, 11):

... print('{0:2d}{1:3d}{2:4d}'.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))

...

1 1 1

2 4 8

3 9 27

4 16 64

5 25 125

6 36 216

7 49 343

8 64 512

9 81 729

10 100 1000

(Note that in the first example, one space between each column was added by the

way print() works: by default it adds spaces between its arguments.)

This example demonstrates the str.rjust() method of string

objects, which right-justifies a string in a field of a given width by padding

it with spaces on the left. There are similar methods str.ljust() and

str.center(). These methods do not write anything, they just return a

new string. If the input string is too long, they don’t truncate it, but

return it unchanged; this will mess up your column lay-out but that’s usually

better than the alternative, which would be lying about a value. (If you

really want truncation you can always add a slice operation, as in

x.ljust(n)[:n].)

还有另外一个方法，str.zfill() ，它会在数字字符串的左边填充零。它能识别正负号:

>>>'12'.zfill(5)

'00012'

>>>'-3.14'.zfill(7)

'-003.14'

>>>'3.14159265359'.zfill(5)

'3.14159265359'

str.format() 方法的基本用法如下所示:

>>>print('We are the{}who say "{}!"'.format('knights', 'Ni'))

We are the knights who say "Ni!"

花括号和其中的字符（称为格式字段）将替换为传递给 str.format() 方法的对象。花括号中的数字可用来表示传递给 str.format() 方法的对象的位置。

>>>print('{0}and{1}'.format('spam', 'eggs'))

spam and eggs

>>>print('{1}and{0}'.format('spam', 'eggs'))

eggs and spam

如果在 str.format() 方法中使用关键字参数，则使用参数的名称引用它们的值。:

>>>print('This{food}is{adjective}.'.format(

... food='spam', adjective='absolutely horrible'))

This spam is absolutely horrible.

位置和关键字参数可以任意组合:

>>>print('The story of{0},{1}, and{other}.'.format('Bill', 'Manfred',

other='Georg'))

The story of Bill, Manfred, and Georg.

'!a' (apply ascii()), '!s' (apply str()) and '!r'

(apply repr()) can be used to convert the value before it is formatted:

>>>contents = 'eels'

>>>print('My hovercraft is full of{}.'.format(contents))

My hovercraft is full of eels.

>>>print('My hovercraft is full of{!r}.'.format(contents))

My hovercraft is full of 'eels'.

An optional ':' and format specifier can follow the field name. This allows

greater control over how the value is formatted. The following example

rounds Pi to three places after the decimal.

>>>import math

>>>print('The value of PI is approximately{0:.3f}.'.format(math.pi))

The value of PI is approximately 3.142.

Passing an integer after the ':' will cause that field to be a minimum

number of characters wide. This is useful for making tables pretty.

>>>table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 7678}

>>>for name, phone in table.items():

... print('{0:10}==>{1:10d}'.format(name, phone))

...

Jack ==> 4098

Dcab ==> 7678

Sjoerd ==> 4127

If you have a really long format string that you don’t want to split up, it

would be nice if you could reference the variables to be formatted by name

instead of by position. This can be done by simply passing the dict and using

square brackets '[]' to access the keys

>>>table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}

>>>print('Jack:{0[Jack]:d}; Sjoerd:{0[Sjoerd]:d}; '

... 'Dcab:{0[Dcab]:d}'.format(table))

Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678

这也可以通过使用 ‘**’ 符号将 table 作为关键字参数传递。

>>>table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}

>>>print('Jack:{Jack:d}; Sjoerd:{Sjoerd:d}; Dcab:{Dcab:d}'.format(**table))

Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678

这在与内置函数 vars() 结合使用时非常有用，它会返回包含所有局部变量的字典。

关于使用 str.format() 进行字符串格式化的完整概述，请参阅 格式字符串语法 。

7.1.1.旧的字符串格式化方法¶

The % operator can also be used for string formatting. It interprets the

left argument much like a sprintf()-style format string to be applied

to the right argument, and returns the string resulting from this formatting

operation. For example:

>>>import math

>>>print('The value of PI is approximately%5.3f.' % math.pi)

The value of PI is approximately 3.142.