python元类 orm_Python-元类实现ORM

元类实现ORM

ORM是什么

ORM 是 python编程语言后端web框架 Django的核心思想，“Object Relational Mapping”，

即对象-关系映射，简称ORM。

一个句话理解就是：创建一个实例对象，用创建它的类名当做数据表名，用创建它的类属性对应数据表的字段，

当对这个实例对象操作时，能够对应MySQL语句

说明

所谓的ORM就是让开发者在操作数据库的时候，能够像操作对象时通过xxxx.属性=yyyy一样简单，

这是开发ORM的初衷

只不过ORM的实现较为复杂，Django中已经实现了很复杂的操作，我们主要理解其中的意义

通过元类简单实现ORM中的insert功能

定义元类

class ModelMetaclass(type):

def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):

mappings = dict()

# 判断是否需要保存

for k, v in attrs.items():

# 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象

if isinstance(v, tuple):

print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))

mappings[k] = v

# 删除这些已经在字典中存储的属性

for k in mappings.keys():

attrs.pop(k)

# 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字

attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系

attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致

return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class User(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):

uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")

name = ('username', "varchar(30)")

email = ('email', "varchar(30)")

password = ('password', "varchar(30)")

# 当指定元类之后，以上的类属性将不在类中，而是在__mappings__属性指定的字典中存储

# 以上User类中有

# __mappings__ = {

# "uid": ('uid', "int unsigned")

# "name": ('username', "varchar(30)")

# "email": ('email', "varchar(30)")

# "password": ('password', "varchar(30)")

# }

# __table__ = "User"

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

for name, value in kwargs.items():

setattr(self, name, value)

def save(self):

fields = []

args = []

for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():

fields.append(v[0])

args.append(getattr(self, k, None))

sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join([str(i) for i in args]))

print('SQL: %s' % sql)

u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')

print("-"*70)

print(u.__dict__)

u.save()

打印结果：

Found mapping: uid ==> ('uid', 'int unsigned')

Found mapping: name ==> ('username', 'varchar(30)')

Found mapping: email ==> ('email', 'varchar(30)')

Found mapping: password ==> ('password', 'varchar(30)')

----------------------------------------------------------------------

{'uid': 12345, 'name': 'Michael', 'email': 'test@orm.org', 'password': 'my-pwd'}

SQL: insert into User (uid,username,email,password) values (12345,Michael,test@orm.org,my-pwd)

完善对数据类型的检测

class ModelMetaclass(type):

def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):

mappings = dict()

# 判断是否需要保存

for k, v in attrs.items():

# 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象

if isinstance(v, tuple):

print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))

mappings[k] = v

# 删除这些已经在字典中存储的属性

for k in mappings.keys():

attrs.pop(k)

# 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字

attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系

attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致

return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class User(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):

uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")

name = ('username', "varchar(30)")

email = ('email', "varchar(30)")

password = ('password', "varchar(30)")

# 当指定元类之后，以上的类属性将不在类中，而是在__mappings__属性指定的字典中存储

# 以上User类中有

# __mappings__ = {

# "uid": ('uid', "int unsigned")

# "name": ('username', "varchar(30)")

# "email": ('email', "varchar(30)")

# "password": ('password', "varchar(30)")

# }

# __table__ = "User"

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

for name, value in kwargs.items():

setattr(self, name, value)

def save(self):

fields = []

args = []

for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():

fields.append(v[0])

args.append(getattr(self, k, None))

args_temp = list()

for temp in args:

# 判断入如果是数字类型

if isinstance(temp, int):

args_temp.append(str(temp))

elif isinstance(temp, str):

args_temp.append("""'%s'""" % temp)

# print(args_temp) # ['12345', "'Michael'", "'test@orm.org'", "'my-pwd'"]

sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(args_temp))

print('SQL: %s' % sql)

u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')

print("-"*70)

print(u.__dict__)

u.save()

打印结果：

Found mapping: uid ==> ('uid', 'int unsigned')

Found mapping: name ==> ('username', 'varchar(30)')

Found mapping: email ==> ('email', 'varchar(30)')

Found mapping: password ==> ('password', 'varchar(30)')

----------------------------------------------------------------------

{'uid': 12345, 'name': 'Michael', 'email': 'test@orm.org', 'password': 'my-pwd'}

['12345', "'Michael'", "'test@orm.org'", "'my-pwd'"]

SQL: insert into User (uid,username,email,password) values (12345,'Michael','test@orm.org','my-pwd')