python绘制拟合曲线与样本点_Python解决最小二乘法拟合并绘制散点图

问题背景

最近物理老师让用Excel弄一个最小二乘法拟合然后弄出方程来求玻尔兹曼常数。无奈发现Linux上的WPS没有绘图功能无语啊O__O”…，据说绘图功能是用delphi写的，不好做跨平台移植……那只好将重任加在Python上喽～

原始数据

u1 = np.array([0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46])

u2 = np.array([0.026,0.038,0.058,0.084,0.121,0.185,0.28,0.416,0.597,0.917,1.341,2.07,3.005,4.379,6.575,9.523,12.001])

lnu2 = np.log(u2)

曲线拟合

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pylab as plt

from scipy.optimize import leastsq

from scipy import constants as C

# 误差函数

def residuals(p):

k, b = p

return lnu2 - (k * u1 + b)

r = leastsq(residuals, [1, 0])

K, B = r[0]

print("斜率k =", K, "截距b =", B)

a, b = np.exp(B), K

print("常量a =", a, "常量b =", b)

k = C.electron_volt / (b * 300)

print("玻尔兹曼常量k =", k, "J/K")

绘制散点图+拟合曲线

plt.scatter(u1, lnu2)

plt.plot(u1, u1 * K + B, linewidth=2)

plt.xlabel('U1(V)')

plt.ylabel('lnU2(V)')

plt.grid(True)

plt.title('Plot : lnU2--U1')

plt.show()

plt.scatter(u1, u2)

plt.plot(u1, a * np.exp(b * u1), linewidth=2)

plt.xlabel('U1(V)')

plt.ylabel('U2(V)')

plt.grid(True)

plt.title('Plot : U2--U1')

plt.show()