python绘制图像并渲染_用Python的Matplotlib模块绘制3D图像

因为我是直接把jupyter notebook导出为md文件，然后传上知乎了，所以很多地方会乱掉

先来看两个例子

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

from matplotlib import cm

from matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

fig=plt.figure()

ax=fig.gca(projection='3d')

#ax = axes3d.Axes3D(fig)

[x,t]=np.meshgrid(np.array(range(25))/24.0,np.arange(0,575.5,0.5)/575*17*np.pi-2*np.pi)

p=(np.pi/2)*np.exp(-t/(8*np.pi))

u=1-(1-np.mod(3.6*t,2*np.pi)/np.pi)**4/2

y=2*(x**2-x)**2*np.sin(p)

r=u*(x*np.sin(p)+y*np.cos(p))

surf=ax.plot_surface(r*np.cos(t),r*np.sin(t),u*(x*np.cos(p)-y*np.sin(p)),rstride=1,cstride=1,cmap=cm.gist_rainbow_r,

linewidth=0,antialiased=True)

plt.show()

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

# Make data

u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)

v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)

x = 10 * np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v))

y = 10 * np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))

z = 10 * np.outer(np.ones(np.size(u)), np.cos(v))

# Plot the surface

#ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, color='b')

ax.plot_surface(x, y, z,cmap='rainbow')

plt.show()

Python 三维绘图

1.创建三维坐标轴对象Axes3D

创建Axes3D主要有两种方式，一种是利用关键字projection='3d'l来实现，另一种则是通过从mpl_toolkits.mplot3d导入对象Axes3D来实现，目的都是生成具有三维格式的对象Axes3D.

#方法一，利用关键字导入相关模块绘制

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

#定义坐标轴

fig = plt.figure()

ax1 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

#ax = fig.add_subplot(111,projection='3d') #这种方法也可以画多个子图

#方法二，利用三维轴方法

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

#定义图像和三维格式坐标轴

fig=plt.figure()

ax2 = Axes3D(fig)

2.三维曲线和散点

随后在定义的坐标轴上画图：

#方法一，利用关键字

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

#定义坐标轴

fig = plt.figure()

ax1 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

#ax = fig.add_subplot(111,projection='3d') #这种方法也可以画多个子图

"""#方法二，利用三维轴方法from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D#定义图像和三维格式坐标轴fig=plt.figure()ax2 = Axes3D(fig)"""

##################我是分割线#####################

import numpy as np

z = np.linspace(0,13,1000)

x = 5*np.sin(z)

y = 5*np.cos(z)

zd = 13*np.random.random(100)

xd = 5*np.sin(zd)

yd = 5*np.cos(zd)

ax1.scatter3D(xd,yd,zd, cmap='b') #绘制散点图

ax1.plot3D(x,y,z,'gray') #绘制空间曲线

plt.show()

3.三维曲面

下一步画三维曲面:

fig = plt.figure() #定义新的三维坐标轴

ax3 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

#定义三维数据

xx = np.arange(-5,5,0.5)

yy = np.arange(-5,5,0.5)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)

Z = np.sin(X)+np.cos(Y)

#作图

ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,cmap='rainbow')

#ax3.contour(X,Y,Z, zdim='z',offset=-2，cmap='rainbow) #等高线图，要设置offset，为Z的最小值

plt.show()

如果加入渲染时的步长，会得到更加清晰细腻的图像： ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1,cmap='rainbow') 其中的row和cloum_stride为横竖方向的绘图采样步长，越小绘图越精细。

或者,改变xx,yy的步长，xx = np.arange(-5,5,0.1)

fig = plt.figure() #定义新的三维坐标轴

ax3 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

#定义三维数据

xx = np.arange(-5,5,0.1)

yy = np.arange(-5,5,0.1)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)

Z = np.sin(X)+np.cos(Y)

#作图

ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1,cmap='rainbow')

ax3.contour(X,Y,Z,offset=-2, cmap = 'rainbow')#绘制等高线

plt.show()

import math

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(40,30)) #定义新的三维坐标轴

ax3 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

#定义三维数据

xx = np.arange(-20,20,0.5)

yy = np.arange(-20,20,0.5)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)#将两个一维数组变为二维矩阵

Z = X*Y**2

#作图

#ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1)

ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1,cmap='rainbow')

plt.savefig('1.png',dpi=80)

plt.show()

np.meshgrid使用方法

链接

x = np.arange(-2,2)

x

array([-2, -1, 0, 1])

y = np.arange(-2,2)

y

array([-2, -1, 0, 1])

x1,y1 = np.meshgrid(x,y)

x1

array([[-2, -1, 0, 1],

[-2, -1, 0, 1],

[-2, -1, 0, 1],

[-2, -1, 0, 1]])

y1

array([[-2, -2, -2, -2],

[-1, -1, -1, -1],

[ 0, 0, 0, 0],

[ 1, 1, 1, 1]])

X

array([[-20. , -19.5, -19. , ..., 18.5, 19. , 19.5],

[-20. , -19.5, -19. , ..., 18.5, 19. , 19.5],

[-20. , -19.5, -19. , ..., 18.5, 19. , 19.5],

...,

[-20. , -19.5, -19. , ..., 18.5, 19. , 19.5],

[-20. , -19.5, -19. , ..., 18.5, 19. , 19.5],

[-20. , -19.5, -19. , ..., 18.5, 19. , 19.5]])

Y

array([[-20. , -20. , -20. , ..., -20. , -20. , -20. ],

[-19.5, -19.5, -19.5, ..., -19.5, -19.5, -19.5],

[-19. , -19. , -19. , ..., -19. , -19. , -19. ],

...,

[ 18.5, 18.5, 18.5, ..., 18.5, 18.5, 18.5],

[ 19. , 19. , 19. , ..., 19. , 19. , 19. ],

[ 19.5, 19.5, 19.5, ..., 19.5, 19.5, 19.5]])

Examples

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6)) #定义新的三维坐标轴

ax3 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

#定义三维数据

xx = np.arange(-20,20,0.5)

yy = np.arange(-20,20,0.5)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)#将两个一维数组变为二维矩阵

Z = X+Y**2

plt.title('Z = X+Y**2')#添加标题

#作图

#ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1)

ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1,cmap='rainbow')

plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6))

ax3 = plt.axes(projection='3d')

xx = np.arange(-20,20,0.5)

yy = np.arange(-20,20,0.5)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)

Z=X**2+Y**2#Change Here

ax3.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,rstride = 1, cstride = 1,cmap='rainbow')

plt.show()

参考：