1、创建一个10G分区,并格式为ext4文件系统;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。
更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0x5dda4f37 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):4
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):
将使用默认值 2048
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):
将使用默认值 41943039
分区 4 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 16 20971520 sdb
8 20 20970496 sdb4
11 0 1048575 sr0
8 0 41943040 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 2098176 sda2
8 3 39331840 sda3
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L MYDATA /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
文件系统标签=MYDATA
OS type: Linux
块大小=2048 (log=1)
分块大小=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1310720 inodes, 10485248 blocks
209704 blocks (2.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=278921216
640 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000, 3981312, 5619712, 10240000
Allocating group tables: 完成
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
(2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录,要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行,且不更新文件的访问时间戳;
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -pv /data/mydata
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/data"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/data/mydata"
[root@localhost ~]# echo '/dev/sdb4 /data/mydata ext4 defaults,noexec,nodiratime,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# mount | grep /dev/sdb4
/dev/sdb4 on /data/mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec,nodiratime,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered)
2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区,并创建好文件系统,并启用之;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。
更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0xce54aef7 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):1
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):+1G
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2097152-41943039,默认为 41943039):+1G
分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1 GiB
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t
已选择分区 1
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):82
已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux swap / Solaris”
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
partx: /dev/sdb: error adding partition 1
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 16 20971520 sdb
8 17 1048576 sdb1
11 0 1048575 sr0
8 0 41943040 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 2098176 sda2
8 3 39331840 sda3
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb1
正在设置交换空间版本 1,大小 = 1048572 KiB
无标签,UUID=3c4d09f9-3912-4e75-90c8-7a72a3a5c3f7
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
文件名 类型 大小 已用 权限
/dev/sda2 partition 2098172 0 -1
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -2
3、写一个脚本
(1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备;
(2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息;
[root@localhost ~]# cat fdisklist.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo -e "All of disk:\n`fdisk -l | grep -o "[sh]d[a-z]" | uniq `\n"
echo "The Disk information:"
for i in `fdisk -l | grep "^/dev/[sh]d[a-z][1-9]" | cut -d' ' -f1`; do
df -h $i
done
4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同;
RAID-0:
读、写性能提升;
可用空间:N*min(S1,S2,...)
无容错能力
最少磁盘数:2, 2+
RAID-1:
读性能提升、写性能略有下降;
可用空间:1*min(S1,S2,...)
有冗余能力
最少磁盘数:2, 2+
RAID-4:
1101, 0110, 1011
RAID-5:
读、写性能提升
可用空间:(N-1)*min(S1,S2,...)
有容错能力:1块磁盘
最少磁盘数:3, 3+
RAID-6:
读、写性能提升
可用空间:(N-2)*min(S1,S2,...)
有容错能力:2块磁盘
最少磁盘数:4, 4+
混合类型
RAID-10:
读、写性能提升
可用空间:N*min(S1,S2,...)/2
有容错能力:每组镜像最多只能坏一块;
最少磁盘数:4, 4+
5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1,要求有一个空闲盘,而且CHUNK大小为128k;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0xd5cbd06b
设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 10487808 20973567 5242880 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 20973568 31459327 5242880 83 Linux
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -n 2 -l 1 -a yes -c 128 -x 1 /dev/{sdb1,sdb2,sdb3}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Thu Sep 22 20:10:26 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 5238784 (5.00 GiB 5.36 GB)
Used Dev Size : 5238784 (5.00 GiB 5.36 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Thu Sep 22 20:10:42 2016
State : clean, resyncing
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Resync Status : 24% complete
Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID : e64d1157:6dd08d0d:10795fdd:b181bfec
Events : 3
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
2 8 19 - spare /dev/sdb3
6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备,chunk大小为256k,格式化ext4文件系统,要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录,而且不更新访问时间戳,且支持acl功能;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0xa5bc239d
设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 4196351 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 4196352 8390655 2097152 83 Linux
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -n 3 -l 5 -a yes -c 256 /dev/{sdb1,sdb2,sdb3}
mdadm: largest drive (/dev/sdb3) exceeds size (1047552K) by more than 1%
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Thu Sep 22 20:18:12 2016
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1047552 (1023.17 MiB 1072.69 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Thu Sep 22 20:18:30 2016
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 256K
Name : localhost.localdomain:1 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID : 0ad0589c:6960c722:b5c15886:8e1dd531
Events : 18
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
3 8 19 2 active sync /dev/sdb3
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md1 : active raid5 sdb3[3] sdb2[1] sdb1[0]
2095104 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
unused devices:
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
文件系统标签=
OS type: Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks
131072 inodes, 523776 blocks
26188 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Allocating group tables: 完成
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
[root@localhost ~]# echo '/dev/md1 /backup ext4 defaults,noatime,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# mount | grep /dev/md1
/dev/md1 on /backup type ext4 (rw,noatime,seclabel,stripe=128,data=ordered)
7、写一个脚本
(1) 接受一个以上文件路径作为参数;
(2) 显示每个文件拥有的行数;
(3) 总结说明本次共为几个文件统计了其行数;
[root@localhost ~]# cat yicxlines.sh
#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -eq 0 ];then
echo "Please give a file name at least!"
exit 1
fi
for i in $*
do
echo "$i have $(wc -l $i | cut -d' ' -f1)lines"
done
echo "yicx $# Files Lines!"
8、写一个脚本
(1) 传递两个以上字符串当作用户名;
(2) 创建这些用户;且密码同用户名;
(3) 总结说明共创建了几个用户;
[root@localhost ~]# cat yicx01user.sh
#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -lt 2 ];then
echo "Please give 2 usernames at least!"
exit 1
fi
for i in $*;do
useradd $i
echo "$i:$i" | chpasswd
done
echo "Total Add $# users!"
9、写一个脚本,新建20个用户,visitor1-visitor20;计算他们的ID之和;
[root@localhost ~]# cat yicx02id.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i yicx02id
for i in {1..20}
do
useradd visitor$i
let yicx02id+=$(id -u visitor$i)
done
echo "Total id is $yicx02id !"
10、写一脚本,分别统计/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#号开头的行数之和,以及总的空白行数;
[root@localhost ~]# cat yicx03lines.sh
#!/bin/bash
declarc -i line
declarc -i nullline
for i in {/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,/etc/rc.d/init.d/funtions,/etc/fstab}
do
let line+=$(grep '^#' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1)
let nullline+=$(grep '^[[:space:]]*$' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1)
done
echo "The lines with a beginning of '#' is $line lines !"
echo "The lines with nothing is $nullline lines !"
11、写一个脚本,显示当前系统上所有默认shell为bash的用户的用户名、UID以及此类所有用户的UID之和;
[root@localhost ~]# cat yicx04uid.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i yicx04_uid
grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f 1,3
for i in `grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f 3`;do
let yicx04_uid+=i
done
echo "The uid yicx04 is $yicx04_uid !"
12、写一个脚本,显示当前系统上所有,拥有附加组的用户的用户名;并说明共有多少个此类用户;
[root@localhost ~]# cat yicx05uid.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i yicx05_user
for i in `cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd`; do
group=`id $i | awk -F, '{print $2}' `
if [ -n "$group" ];then
echo "$i"
let yicx05_user+=1
fi
done
echo "yicx05_user is $yicx05_user !"
13、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组;要求,PE大小为8M;而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1,格式化为ext4文件系统,开机自动挂载至/users目录,支持acl;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0xf99b55ca
设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2 20973568 41943039 10484736 8e Linux LVM
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb{1,2}
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdb1 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
/dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
Volume group "myvg1" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay -v myvg1
Using volume group(s) on command line.
--- Volume group ---
VG Name myvg1
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 19.98 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2558
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2558 / 19.98 GiB
VG UUID hWmK8b-35ai-dekR-cN1g-Il0E-daR7-eJ91Bd
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sdb1
PV UUID 3720RW-0LJ3-0DD5-Ucvu-vCuO-YbRl-OBUtaV
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 1279 / 1279
PV Name /dev/sdb2
PV UUID JeSNUv-ItSw-EpbH-ynBw-P1YF-q6YB-b2waAB
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 1279 / 1279
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg1
Logical volume "mylv1" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
mylv1 myvg1 -wi-a----- 5.00g
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg1/mylv1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
文件系统标签=
OS type: Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: 完成
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir users
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/dev/myvg1/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl,nodiratime 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Sep 7 04:58:21 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=4ec7ddf7-9741-4677-a095-36279fca2219 / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4d6d85fd-d048-4d9f-9e6b-2a0772c7f24a /boot xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=fe9b3a87-ffee-497f-8ac6-1af99fe9fa13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/myvg1/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl,nodiratime 0 0
[root@centos7study data]# mount -a
14、新建用户magedu;其家目录为/users/magedu,而后su切换至此用户,复制多个文件至家目录;
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu
[root@localhost ~]# su magedu
[magedu@localhost root]$ cp /etc/fstab /users/magedu/
[magedu@localhost root]$ cp -r /tmp/yicx100 /users/magedu/
[magedu@localhost root]$ cp -r /tmp/yicx200 /users/magedu/
[magedu@localhost root]$ ls /users/magedu/
fstab yicx100 yicx200
15、扩展mylv1至9G,确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用;
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +4G /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /dev/sdb{1,2}
Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents).
Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
mylv1 myvg1 -wi-ao---- 9.00g
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv1
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2
The filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long.
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda3 38G 3.4G 35G 10% /
devtmpfs 899M 0 899M 0% /dev
tmpfs 913M 88K 913M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 913M 9.0M 904M 1% /run
tmpfs 913M 0 913M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 497M 156M 342M 32% /boot
tmpfs 183M 16K 183M 1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/myvg1-mylv1 8.8G 23M 8.3G 1% /users
[root@localhost ~]# ls /users/magedu/
fstab yicx100 yicx200
[root@localhost ~]# su magedu
[magedu@localhost root]$ cd
[magedu@localhost ~]$ pwd
/users/magedu
16、缩减mylv1至7G,确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用;
[root@localhost ~]# umount /users/
[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg1/mylv1
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
第一步: 检查inode,块,和大小
第二步: 检查目录结构
第3步: 检查目录连接性
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
第5步: 检查簇概要信息
/dev/myvg1/mylv1: 27/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 75567/2359296 blocks
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv1 7G
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 to 1835008 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is now 1835008 blocks long.
[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 7G -n /dev/myvg1/mylv1
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents).
Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# su magedu
[magedu@localhost root]$ cd
[magedu@localhost ~]$ pwd
/users/magedu
17、对mylv1创建快照,并通过备份数据;要求保留原有的属主属组等信息;
[root@localhost magedu]# lvcreate -L 3G -p r -s -n mylv1_bak /dev/myvg1/mylv1
Logical volume "mylv1_bak" created.