python爬虫实验报告_10个python爬虫入门实例(小结)

本文介绍了10个Python爬虫的入门实例,包括使用requests库进行GET、POST请求,处理响应,文件操作,以及如何绕过反爬机制。每个实例都有详细注释,适合初学者实践。
摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

昨天带伙伴萌学习python爬虫,准备了几个简单的入门实例

涉及主要知识点:

web是如何交互的

requests库的get、post函数的应用

response对象的相关函数,属性

python文件的打开,保存

代码中给出了注释,并且可以直接运行哦

如何安装requests库(安装好python的朋友可以直接参考,没有的,建议先装一哈python环境)

windows用户,Linux用户几乎一样:

打开cmd输入以下命令即可,如果python的环境在C盘的目录,会提示权限不够,只需以管理员方式运行cmd窗口

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple requests

Linux用户类似(ubantu为例): 权限不够的话在命令前加入sudo即可

sudo pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple requests

1.爬取强大的BD页面,打印页面信息

# 第一个爬虫示例,爬取百度页面

import requests #导入爬虫的库,不然调用不了爬虫的函数

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") #生成一个response对象

response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding #设置编码格式

print("状态码:"+ str( response.status_code ) ) #打印状态码

print(response.text)#输出爬取的信息

2.常用方法之get方法实例,

  • 1
    点赞
  • 3
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
下单步骤: 1. 登录账号,获取cookie和验证码 2. 输入出发地、目的地、乘车日期等信息,获取车次信息 3. 选择需要购买的车次和座位类型,获取乘客信息 4. 提交订单,获取订单信息 5. 确认订单,完成购票流程 以下是一个简单的Python爬虫实现12306购票的例子: ```python import requests import json from time import sleep # 登录url login_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/passport/web/login' # 用户名和密码 username = 'your_username' password = 'your_password' # 出发地、目的地、日期等信息 from_station = '北京' to_station = '上海' train_date = '2019-07-01' # 车次类型和座位类型 train_type = 'G' seat_type = '二等座' # 乘客姓名和身份证号码 passenger_name = '张三' passenger_id = '123456789012345678' # 提交订单url submit_order_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/submitOrderRequest' # 检查订单url check_order_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/checkOrderInfo' # 确认订单url confirm_order_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/confirmSingleForQueue' # 获取验证码url captcha_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/passport/captcha/captcha-image64' # 登录请求头 login_headers = { 'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '44', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8', 'Host': 'kyfw.12306.cn', 'Origin': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn', 'Referer': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/login.html', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36', 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest' } # 下单请求头 order_headers = { 'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '220', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8', 'Host': 'kyfw.12306.cn', 'Origin': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn', 'Referer': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36', 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest' } # 获取验证码请求头 captcha_headers = { 'Accept': 'image/webp,image/apng,image/*,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Host': 'kyfw.12306.cn', 'Referer': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/login.html', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36' } # 登录请求参数 login_data = { 'username': username, 'password': password, 'appid': 'otn' } # 下单请求参数 order_data = { 'secretStr': '', 'train_date': train_date, 'back_train_date': train_date, 'tour_flag': 'dc', 'purpose_codes': 'ADULT', 'query_from_station_name': from_station, 'query_to_station_name': to_station, 'undefined': '' } def login(): # 获取验证码 captcha_response = session.get(captcha_url, headers=captcha_headers) captcha_json = json.loads(captcha_response.text) captcha_image_base64 = captcha_json['image'] with open('captcha.jpg', 'wb') as f: f.write(base64.b64decode(captcha_image_base64)) captcha_code = input('请输入验证码: ') # 登录 login_data['answer'] = captcha_code response = session.post(login_url, data=login_data, headers=login_headers) result = json.loads(response.text) if result['result_code'] == 0: print('登录成功') return True else: print('登录失败') return False def submit_order(): # 提交订单 order_data['secretStr'] = secretStr response = session.post(submit_order_url, data=order_data, headers=order_headers) result = json.loads(response.text) if result['status'] == True: print('提交订单成功') return True else: print('提交订单失败') return False def check_order(): # 检查订单 passengerTicketStr = 'O,0,1,' + passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',,N,' + seat_type + ',,' oldPassengerStr = passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',1_' order_data['passengerTicketStr'] = passengerTicketStr order_data['oldPassengerStr'] = oldPassengerStr order_data['REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN'] = repeat_submit_token response = session.post(check_order_url, data=order_data, headers=order_headers) result = json.loads(response.text) if result['data']['submitStatus'] == True: print('检查订单成功') return True else: print('检查订单失败') return False def confirm_order(): # 确认订单 order_data['passengerTicketStr'] = passengerTicketStr order_data['oldPassengerStr'] = oldPassengerStr order_data['REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN'] = repeat_submit_token order_data['key_check_isChange'] = key_check_isChange order_data['leftTicketStr'] = leftTicketStr response = session.post(confirm_order_url, data=order_data, headers=order_headers) result = json.loads(response.text) if result['data']['submitStatus'] == True: print('确认订单成功') return True else: print('确认订单失败') return False if __name__ == '__main__': session = requests.session() # 登录 while not login(): pass # 查询车票 query_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ' params = { 'leftTicketDTO.train_date': train_date, 'leftTicketDTO.from_station': from_station, 'leftTicketDTO.to_station': to_station, 'purpose_codes': 'ADULT' } response = session.get(query_url, params=params) result = json.loads(response.text) for data in result['data']: if data['queryLeftNewDTO']['station_train_code'].startswith(train_type): print(data['queryLeftNewDTO']['station_train_code'], data['queryLeftNewDTO'][seat_type + '_num']) if data['queryLeftNewDTO'][seat_type + '_num'] != '无' and data['queryLeftNewDTO'][seat_type + '_num'] != '--': secretStr = data['secretStr'] leftTicketStr = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['ypInfoDetail'] start_train_date = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['start_train_date'] train_no = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['train_no'] train_location = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['location_code'] break # 获取乘客信息 passenger_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/getPassengerDTOs' data = { '_json_att': '', 'REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN': '' } response = session.post(passenger_url, data=data, headers=order_headers) result = json.loads(response.text) for passenger in result['data']['normal_passengers']: if passenger['passenger_name'] == passenger_name and passenger['passenger_id_no'] == passenger_id: passengerTicketStr = 'O,0,1,' + passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',,N,' + seat_type + ',,' oldPassengerStr = passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',1_' # 获取REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN和key_check_isChange init_dc_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/initDc' data = { '_json_att': '' } response = session.post(init_dc_url, data=data, headers=order_headers) repeat_submit_token = re.findall(r"var globalRepeatSubmitToken = '(.*?)';", response.text)[0] key_check_isChange = re.findall(r"key_check_isChange':'(.*?)',", response.text)[0] # 下单 if submit_order(): # 延时5秒 sleep(5) # 检查订单 if check_order(): # 确认订单 if confirm_order(): print('购票成功') ``` 需要注意的是,12306的接口随时可能会变化,代码中的某些参数可能需要修改才能正常运行。此外,代码中的验证码是手动输入的,如果需要自动识别验证码,可以使用一些第三方验证码识别库。

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值