python布尔类型的值包括什么和什么_python和numpy中的布尔值和类型检查

I ran into unexpected results in a python if clause today:

import numpy

if numpy.allclose(6.0, 6.1, rtol=0, atol=0.5):

print 'close enough' # works as expected (prints message)

if numpy.allclose(6.0, 6.1, rtol=0, atol=0.5) is True:

print 'close enough' # does NOT work as expected (prints nothing)

After some poking around (i.e., this question, and in particular this answer), I understand the cause: the type returned by numpy.allclose() is numpy.bool_ rather than plain old bool, and apparently if foo = numpy.bool_(1), then if foo will evaluate to True while if foo is True will evaluate to False. This appears to be the work of the is operator.

My questions are: why does numpy have its own boolean type, and what is best practice in light of this situation? I can get away with writing if foo: to get expected behavior in the example above, but I like the more stringent if foo is True: because it excludes things like 2 and [2] from returning True, and sometimes the explicit type check is desirable.

解决方案why does numpy have its own boolean type

Space and speed. Numpy stores things in compact arrays; if it can fit a boolean into a single byte it'll try. You can't easily do this with Python objects, as you have to store references which slows calculations down significantly.

I can get away with writing if foo: to get expected behavior in the example above, but I like the more stringent if foo is True: because it excludes things like 2 and [2] from returning True, and sometimes the explicit type check is desirable.

Well, don't do that.