托福试卷真题_历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

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0308

托福试题

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55minutes

)

Question 1-11

If

food

is

allowed

to

stand

for

some

time,

it

putrefies .When the putrefied material

is

examined

microscopically

,it

is

found

to

be

teeming with bacteria. Where do these

bacteria

come

from

,

since

they

are

not

seen

in

fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth

century,

many

people

believed

that

such

microorganisms originated by spontaneous

(5

)

generation

,a

hypothetical

process

by

which

living organisms develop from nonliving

matter.

The

most

powerful

opponent

of

the

theory

of

spontaneous

generation

was

the

French

chemist

and

microbiologist

Louis

Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur

showed that structures

present

in

air

closely

resemble

the

microorganisms

seen in putrefying materials .He did

(10)

this

by

passing

air

through

guncotton

filters,

the fibers of which stop solid particles. After

the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol

and ether, the particles that it had

trapped

fell

to

the

bottom

of

the

liquid

and

were

examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur

found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of

solid structures ranging in size from

0.01

mm

to

more

than

1.0

mm .Many

of

these

bodies

resembled the reproductive

(15)

structures of common molds, single-celled animals,

and various other microbial cells .

As

many

as

20

to

30

of

them

were

found

in

fifteen