python文件io_python 文件IO

打开文件的两种方式

1.直接打开文件并赋值给变量，打开后得到操作句柄，但不会自动关闭

file = open('文件名‘,'打开模式'，’编码‘）

fd = open('../config/file1.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

2.使用with子句，打开后文件会自动关闭，建议使用，并可以同时打开多个文件

with open('../config/file1.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as fd1,\

open('../config/file2.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as fd2:

print("I had open two files")

打开文件的8种模式

========= ===============================================================

Character Meaning

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

'r' open for reading (default)

'w' open for writing, truncating the file first

'x' create a new file and open it for writing

'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists

'b' binary mode

't' text mode (default)

'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)

'U' universal newline mode (deprecated)

========= ===============================================================

1.’r'，默认模式，参数可以不写，打开只读文件，写入报错

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.write('java c rubby')

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

io.UnsupportedOperation: not writable

2.‘w’，先truncate原文件，后写入，不可读，文件不存在则创建

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')

>>> print(fd.read())

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

io.UnsupportedOperation: not readable

>>> fd.write('java rubby go')

13

>>> fd.close()

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.read()

'java rubby go'

3.'x'，创建新文件，打开并写入，如果文件已经存在，则报错

>>> fd = open('../config/file21.txt','x',encoding='utf-8' )

>>> fd.read()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

io.UnsupportedOperation: not readable

>>> fd.write('123456')

6

>>> fd.close()

>>> fd = open('../config/file21.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.read()

'123456'

>>> fd.close()

>>> fd = open('../config/file21.txt','x',encoding='utf-8')

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: '../config/file21.txt'

4.’a'，追加写内容到文件末尾

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','a',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.write('linux windows aix')

17

>>> fd.close()

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.read()

'java rubby golinux windows aix'

5.'b'，二进制模式，比如流文件mp3，并且需要同时指定一种读写模式

>>> fd = open('/tmp/Front_Right.wav','b')

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

ValueError: Must have exactly one of create/read/write/append mode and at most one plus

>>> fd = open('/tmp/Front_Right.wav','rb')

>>> fd1 = open('/tmp/Front_Right.wav','wb')

>>> fd2 = open('/tmp/Front_Right.wav','ab')

>>> fd2 = open('/tmp/Front_Right.wav','w+b')

>>> fd2 = open('/tmp/Front_Right.wav','r+b')

6.'t'，文本模式，默认打开文本并读取模式rt

7.'+'，打开硬盘文件读写

r+，打开并写入

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','r+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.read()

'java rubby golinux windows aix'

>>> fd.write("mage")

4

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read()

'java rubby golinux windows aixmage'

w+，打开文件读写，文件存在则覆盖，不存在则创建

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','w+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.write('guangzhou')

9

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read()

'guangzhou'

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.write('hangzhou')

8

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read()

'hangzhouu'

a+，打开文件读写，存在则将指针置于末尾，不存在则创建新文件

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','a+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.read()

''

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read()

'hangzhouu'

>>> fd.close()

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','a+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.write('beijing')

7

>>> fd.read()

''

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read()

'hangzhouubeijing'

rb+, wb+, ab+ 对象是二进制，其他以上面一样

8.‘U’，deprecated

指针位置

1.f.tell()，告知字符指针位置

2.f.seek()，移动字符指针位置，f.seek(0)文件开头

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.tell()

0

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.tell()

0

>>> fd.read(1)

'h'

>>> fd.tell()

1

>>> fd.read(2)

'an'

>>> fd.tell()

3

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.readline()

'hangzhouubeijing\n'

>>> fd.tell()

17

读取文件的4个read，默认从头开始读，并将将指针留在行尾

1.fd.read(size)

默认省略size，size为整型，字符个数

读取全部内容到内存，并将指针留在行尾

大文件读取不要用，占内存

返回的是字符串类型

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.read()

'hangzhouubeijing'

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read(1)

'h'

>>> fd.read(2)

'an'

>>> fd.read(3)

'gzh'

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.read(6)

'hangzh'

2.fd.readline(size)

默认一行行读取，size与上面一样

占用内存小

每行结尾带换行符

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.readline()

'hangzhouubeijing\n'

>>> fd.readline()

'shenzhen\n'

>>> fd.readline()

'shanghai\n'

>>> fd.readline(1)

'a'

>>> fd.readline(2)

'nh'

>>> fd.readline()

'ui\n'

>>> fd.readline()

'guangdong\n'

>>> fd.readline()

'zhejiang'

>>> fd.readline()

''

3.fd.readlines(size)

讲文本全部转换成列表，size表示下标

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.readlines()

['hangzhouubeijing\n', 'shenzhen\n', 'shanghai\n', 'anhui\n', 'guangdong\n', 'zhejiang']

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> fd.readlines(1)

['hangzhouubeijing\n']

>>> fd.readlines()

['shenzhen\n', 'shanghai\n', 'anhui\n', 'guangdong\n', 'zhejiang']

4.fd.readable()

返回布尔值，判断文件是否可读

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.readable()

True

循环遍历迭代文本内容对象（遍历操作都可以这么干）

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> for line in fd:

... print(line)

...

hangzhouubeijing

shenzhen

shanghai

anhui

guangdong

zhejiang

>>> fd.seek(0)

0

>>> for index,line in enumerate(fd.readlines()):

... print(index,line)

...

0 hangzhouubeijing

1 shenzhen

2 shanghai

3 anhui

4 guangdong

5 zhejiang

>>>

其他方法

close(self, /) 关闭打开的文件

| Flush and close the IO object.

|

| This method has no effect if the file is already closed.

detach(self, /) 干嘛用？

| Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.

| After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an

| unusable state.

>>> fd.detach()

<_io.BufferedReader name='../config/file4.txt'>

>>> fd.read()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

ValueError: underlying buffer has been detached

fileno(self, /) 返回文件描述符，干嘛用？

| Returns underlying file descriptor if one exists.

| OSError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.fileno()

4

>>> fd = open('../config/filexxx.txt','w+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.fileno()

3

flush(self, /) 将缓存立即写入硬盘，提高效率

| Flush write buffers, if applicable.

| This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.

import time

import sys

for i in range(40):

sys.stdout.write("#")

sys.stdout.flush()

time.sleep(0.1)

isatty(self, /) 是否连接到终端设备

| Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.

| Return False if it can't be determined.

seekable(self, /)

| Return whether object supports random access.

| If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.

| This method may need to do a test seek().

truncate(self, pos=None, /)

| Truncate file to size bytes.

| File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO

| position as reported by tell(). Returns the new size.

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.truncate()

0

writable(self, /) 判断文件是否以写模式打开 | Return whether object was opened for writing.

>>> fd = open('../config/file4.txt','r+',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.writable()

True

>>> fd = open('../config/file1.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')

>>> fd.writable()

False

修改文件的两种方式：

1.全部读入内存，修改完毕之后覆盖写入源文件

2.一行一行读取内存，修改完毕之后写入新文件，用新文件覆盖旧文件