linux 维护文件系统,linux系统管理.文件系统的维护

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-26 09:01:01 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-03-26 09:01:01 发布

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文章标签： linux 维护文件系统

文件系统的维护

Ａ、ext2/ext3文件系统的优化与高级特性

Ｂ、磁盘检查

Ｃ、磁盘配额

Ｄ、自动挂载分区

文件的存放形式，可以根据文件的大小来分配块的大小。

如一个分区，主要是存放小的文件，文件大小为３Ｋ的，那么我们可以将此分区以１Ｋ的大小划分块的大小，这样只分配给此文件３个模块即可。如果是以4K 的大小来划分一个块的话，一个３Ｋ大小的文件就浪费了３／４的空间，即分配给它一个４Ｋ大小的块，但仅存放了３Ｋ大小的文件，有１Ｋ的大小浪费。。所以可以根据硬盘里存放的文件类型的大小尺寸来决定到底使用多大的数据块(Block size)常用的有三种块大小：1024、2048和4096

例： #fdisk /dev/sdb

#mkfs.ext3 –b 1024 /dev/sdb1

#mkfs.ext3 –b 4096 /dev/sdb4

#mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/d1

#mount /dev/sdb4 /mnt/d2

#mkdir /mnt/d1/dir

#mkdir /mnt/d2/dir

#echo “hi”>/mnt/d1/dir/test

#echo “hi”>/mnt/d2/dir/test

[root@localhost root]#ls -lh /mnt/d[1-2]/dir

/mnt/d1:

total 13K

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1.0K Mar 12 15:14 dir

drwx------ 2 root root 12K Mar 12 15:13 lost+found

/mnt/d1:

total 20K

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Mar 12 15:14 dir

drwx------ 2 root root 16K Mar 12 15:13 lost+found

#ls –lh /mnt/d[1-2]/dir/test

[root@localhost root]#ls -lh /mnt/d[12]/dir/test

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3 Mar 12 15:20 /mnt/d1/dir/test

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3 Mar 12 15:20 /mnt/d2/dir/test

[root@localhost root]# du -sh /mnt/d[12]/dir

2.0K /mnt/b1/dir

8.0K /mnt/c1/dir

文件索引区(index)的优化

将文件的索引节点由２个合并成一个以提高一点访问的速度

#mkfs.ext3 –b 4096 –i 4096 /dev/sda2

例：#mkfs.ext3 –b 4096 –i 4096 /dev/sdb1

#mkfs.ext3 –b 4096 –i 8192 /dev/sdb4

#tune2fs –l /dev/sdb1 |more

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1

tune2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

Filesystem volume name:

Last mounted on:

Filesystem UUID: 4a81dac9-2f55-4393-99bd-36d82a6aa1bd

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal filetype sparse_super

Default mount options: (none)

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 548352

Block count: 548218

Reserved block count: 27410

Free blocks: 522829

Free inodes: 548341

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 32256

Inode blocks per group: 1008

[root@localhost root]#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb4

tune2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

Filesystem volume name:

Last mounted on:

Filesystem UUID: 323807f2-9f40-4706-82a6-02a5083ef69b

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal filetype sparse_super

Default mount options: (none)

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 274176

Block count: 548218

Reserved block count: 27410

Free blocks: 531397

Free inodes: 274165

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 16128

Inode blocks per group: 504

Filesystem created: Thu Mar 12 16:26:04 2009

Last mount time: n/a

Last write time: Thu Mar 12 16:26:04 2009

Mount count: 0

Maximum mount count: 29

Last checked: Thu Mar 12 16:26:04 2009

Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)

Next check after: Tue Sep 8 16:26:04 2009

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

First inode: 11

Inode size: 128

Journal UUID:

Journal inode: 8

Journal device: 0x0000

First orphan inode: 0

保留块：为管理员保留的磁盘管理空间，默认为总数据块的5%

用法：mkfs.ext3 –b 4096 –i 8192 –m /dev/sda2　设置保留块的数量占总数量的２％

如：#mkfs.ext3 –b 4096 –i8192 –m 5 /dev/sdb1

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1

tune2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

Filesystem volume name:

Last mounted on:

Filesystem UUID: 5ae1c6e2-93b9-4775-b575-abc3d48f588e

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal filetype sparse_super

Default mount options: (none)

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 274176

Block count: 548218

Reserved block count: 27410

Free blocks: 531397

Free inodes: 274165

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 16128

Inode blocks per group: 504

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 |grep count

Inode count: 274176

Block count: 548218

Reserved block count: 27410

Mount count: 0

Maximum mount count: 28

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 |grep ReservedReserved block count: 27410

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 -b 4096 -i 8192 -m 2 /dev/sdb1

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 |grep Reserved

Reserved block count: 10964

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

#df –lh

#df –l

1)、tune2fs：调整ext2/ext3文件系统特性的工具

－l 查看文件系统信息

-c 　设置挂载时硬盘强制自检的次数

-i 　设置强制自检的间隔时间

-m 　保留块的百分比

-j 　将ext2文件系统转换成ext3的文件格式(Ext3比Ext3增加了日志的功能)

文件系统检查工具

a)、fsck

用法一：fsck –t ext2 /dev/sdb1

用法二：fsck.ext2 /dev/sdb1

b)、e2fsck 检查ext2/ext3文件系统的工具(建议不要采用此工具进行检查)

例：#tune2fs –l /dev/sdb1 |grep mount

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1

tune2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

Filesystem volume name:

Last mounted on:

Filesystem UUID: c6bfdc65-1053-4523-b15c-1cf4223b7a7d

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal filetype sparse_super

Default mount options: (none)

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 274176

Block count: 548218

Reserved block count: 10964

Free blocks: 531397

Free inodes: 274165

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 16128

Inode blocks per group: 504

Filesystem created: Thu Mar 12 16:42:36 2009

Last mount time: n/a

Last write time: Thu Mar 12 16:42:37 2009

Mount count: 0

Maximum mount count: 34

[root@localhost root]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/b1/[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 274176

Block count: 548218

Reserved block count: 10964

Free blocks: 531397

Free inodes: 274165

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 16128

Inode blocks per group: 504

Filesystem created: Thu Mar 12 16:42:36 2009

Last mount time: Thu Mar 12 18:35:13 2009

Last write time: Thu Mar 12 18:35:13 2009

Mount count: 1

Maximum mount count: 34

(当挂载次数达到最大的次数限制时，分区会强制进行自检)

[root@localhost root]#umount /dev/sdb1

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -c -1 /dev/sdb1tune2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

Setting maximal mount count to –1

#umount /dev/sdb1

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 |grep interval

Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -c -1 -i 0 /dev/sdb1

Setting maximal mount count to -1

Setting interval between check 0 seconds

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -m 10 /dev/sdb1　　

Setting reserved blocks percentage to 10 (54820 blocks)

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 |grep -i "Reserved"Reserved block count: 54820

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

例子：#mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdc1

#mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/c1

[root@localhost root]# df –T (分区类型)

Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 ext3 5154852 1127532 3765464 24% /

none tmpfs 79152 0 79152 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sdc1 ext2 2158416 20 2048756 1% /mnt/c1

[root@localhost root]# cp /etc/services /mnt/c1

[root@localhost root]# ls /mnt/c1

lost+found services

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -j /dev/sdc1tune2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

Creating journal inode: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@localhost root]# umount /dev/sdc1

[root@localhost root]#mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/c1

[root@localhost root]# ls /mnt/c1

lost+found services

[root@localhost root]# df –T 查看分区类型

Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda1 ext3 5154852 1127532 3765464 24% /

none tmpfs 79152 0 79152 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sdc1 ext3 2158416 32844 2015932 2% /mnt/c1

[root@localhost root]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdc1 |grep features

Filesystem features: has_journal filetype needs_recovery sparse_super

Ext2文件系统与Ext3文件系统的区别就是：Ext3比Ext2多了日志功能，ext2可以通过tune2fs –j 加上日志功能，变成Ext3文件系统，但是Ext3 不能再次转换成Ext2文件系统。

自检工具：fsck　在使用fsck命令自检文件系统的时候，要看清楚是哪一种文件系统的文件(Ext2还是Ext3)，不要用错参数。

#fsck.ext2 /dev/sdb4

#fsck.ext3 –y /dev/sdc1

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linux 维护文件系统,linux系统管理.文件系统的维护

文件系统的维护Ａ、ext2/ext3文件系统的优化与高级特性Ｂ、磁盘检查Ｃ、磁盘配额Ｄ、自动挂载分区文件的存放形式，可以根据文件的大小来分配块的大小。如一个分区，主要是存放小的文件，文件大小为３Ｋ的，那么我们可以将此分区以１Ｋ的大小划分块的大小，这样只分配给此文件３个模块即可。如果是以4K 的大小来划分一个块的话，一个３Ｋ大小的文件就浪费了３／４的空间，即分配给它一个４Ｋ大小的块，但仅存放了３Ｋ大...
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