文章目录:数组(Arrays)
数组索引(Array indexing)
数据类型(Datatypes)
数组运算(Array math)
广播(Broadcasting)
注意,该文章不是大而全的python使用说明,如果你想要的话可以去python官方文档查看。
此文章的重点在于,介绍一些基本概念和方法,理解这些概念在深度学习中的应用。
下面是正文:
1. 数组(Arrays)
先介绍一下Numpy。
Numpy是Python语言用于科学计算的核心库之一。
想要使用Numpy库的话,只需要在Python代码的开头引用该库即可:
import numpy as np
这行代码的意思是引用numpy库,别称是np,也就是说下面你可以使用np代替numpy。
数组是‘网格化’的值的集合,也就是说,数组是多维的,如果说列表(list)可以用于表示向量的话(请参考这里),数组可以用于表示矩阵(二维数组)。这在机器学习中非常常用,一定要记住!!!重要的内容要加粗!!!
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3]) # Create a rank 1 array
print(type(a)) # Prints ""
print(a.shape) # Prints "(3,)"
print(a[0], a[1], a[2]) # Prints "1 2 3"
a[0] = 5 # Change an element of the array
print(a) # Prints "[5, 2, 3]"
b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) # Create a rank 2 array
print(b.shape) # Prints "(2, 3)"
print(b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0]) # Prints "1 2 4"
注意以下的代码:
b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
这里创建二维数组要用中括号把两个列表都包括进来。而不是b = np.array([1,2,3],[4,5,6])
注意,这里创建数组用的是括号(),里面的元素是列表[ ],这在数学上也能对应起来了,向量组成矩阵。
另外,数组里的维度也叫做rank。
numpy提供可很多创建数组的方法:
import numpy as np
a = np.zeros((2,2)) # Create an array of all zeros
print(a) # Prints "[[ 0. 0.]
# [ 0. 0.]]"
b = np.ones((1,2)) # Create an array of all ones
print(b) # Prints "[[ 1. 1.]]"
c = np.full((2,2), 7) # Create a constant array
print(c) # Prints "[[ 7. 7.]
# [ 7. 7.]]"
d = np.eye(2) # Create a 2x2 identity matrix
print(d) # Prints "[[ 1. 0.]
# [ 0. 1.]]"
e = np.random.random((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random values
print(e) # Might print "[[ 0.91940167 0.08143941]
# [ 0.68744134 0.87236687]]"
其他创建数组的方法见这里。
2. 数组索引(Array indexing)
另外一个重要的就是数组索引,这里先介绍第一种方法:
切片(slicing),这里的切片和列表的切片方式一样,不同的是,由于数组是多维的,因此需要对不同维度分别切片。
import numpy as np
# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1 2 3 4]
# [ 5 6 7 8]
# [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows
# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):
# [[2 3]
# [6 7]]
b = a[:2, 1:3]
# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it
# will modify the original array.
print(a[0, 1]) # Prints "2"
b[0, 0] = 77 # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]
print(a[0, 1]) # Prints "77"
上面的代码解释一下:
首先,array的索引是从0开始,所以[:2]指的是从0到2,但是不包括2,也就是第0行和第1行。
同理,[1:3]指的是1到3,但是不包括3,也就第1列和第2列(前面还有一个第0列,这里没有索引)。
另外需要说明的是,如果b是通过切片的方式得到的a的子数组,其实在内存中,b只是指向a中对应的元素。因此改变b的值,a的值也会跟着改变。这点非常重要!!!
再来看下面一段代码。
import numpy as np
# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1 2 3 4]
# [ 5 6 7 8]
# [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
# Two ways of accessing the data in the middle row of the array.
# Mixing integer indexing with slices yields an array of lower rank,
# while using only slices yields an array of the same rank as the
# original array:
row_r1 = a[1, :] # Rank 1 view of the second row of a
row_r2 = a[1:2, :] # Rank 2 view of the second row of a
print(row_r1, row_r1.shape) # Prints "[5 6 7 8] (4,)"
print(row_r2, row_r2.shape) # Prints "[[5 6 7 8]] (1, 4)"
# We can make the same distinction when accessing columns of an array:
col_r1 = a[:, 1]
col_r2 = a[:, 1:2]
print(col_r1, col_r1.shape) # Prints "[ 2 6 10] (3,)"
print(col_r2, col_r2.shape) # Prints "[[ 2]
# [ 6]
# [10]] (3, 1)"
这段代码解释了“用切片和整数混合的方式进行索引”和“用索引的方式进行索引”的区别:
也就是a[1, :]和a[1:2, :]的区别,很明显,这里1是整数方式,“:”是索引方式。
这个区别可以用一句话概括:用整数方式有可能得到降维的数组,而用切片方式得到的数组永远是原数组的子数组。
下面介绍使用整数数组对另一个数组进行索引。
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
# An example of integer array indexing.
# The returned array will have shape (3,) and
print(a[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 0]]) # Prints "[1 4 5]"
# The above example of integer array indexing is equivalent to this:
print(np.array([a[0, 0], a[1, 1], a[2, 0]])) # Prints "[1 4 5]"
# When using integer array indexing, you can reuse the same
# element from the source array:
print(a[[0, 0], [1, 1]]) # Prints "[2 2]"
# Equivalent to the previous integer array indexing example
print(np.array([a[0, 1], a[0, 1]])) # Prints "[2 2]"
也就是说,[0, 1, 2]是一个数组,用它来索引数组a。
这样得到的是一个新的数组,也就是说改变这个新的数组的值是不会影响原来的数组的。
再来看一个例子:
import numpy as np
# Create a new array from which we will select elements
a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
print(a) # prints "array([[ 1, 2, 3],
# [ 4, 5, 6],
# [ 7, 8, 9],
# [10, 11, 12]])"
# Create an array of indices
b = np.array([0, 2, 0, 1])
# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in b
print(a[np.arange(4), b]) # Prints "[ 1 6 7 11]"
# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in b
a[np.arange(4), b] += 10
print(a) # prints "array([[11, 2, 3],
# [ 4, 5, 16],
# [17, 8, 9],
# [10, 21, 12]])
这是用整数数组进行索引的另一个例子,还可以用整数数组给原数组的元素加上一个数值。
最后介绍一下布尔型数组索引的例子:
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
bool_idx = (a > 2) # Find the elements of a that are bigger than 2;
# this returns a numpy array of Booleans of the same
# shape as a, where each slot of bool_idx tells
# whether that element of a is > 2.
print(bool_idx) # Prints "[[False False]
# [ True True]
# [ True True]]"
# We use boolean array indexing to construct a rank 1 array
# consisting of the elements of a corresponding to the True values
# of bool_idx
print(a[bool_idx]) # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
# We can do all of the above in a single concise statement:
print(a[a > 2]) # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
这是一个非常常用的方法,用于选出数组中符合某种特定条件的元素。
3. 数据类型(Datatypes)
首先,数组是具有相同数据类型的数据的集合。
数组的数据类型(Datatypes)在创建数组时已经自动指定了,但是我们也可以强迫数组使用我们指定的数据类型。见下面的代码例子。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2]) # Let numpy choose the datatype
print(x.dtype) # Prints "int64"
x = np.array([1.0, 2.0]) # Let numpy choose the datatype
print(x.dtype) # Prints "float64"
x = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int64) # Force a particular datatype
print(x.dtype) # Prints "int64"
更多的资料看这里。
4. 数组运算(Array math)
基础的数学运算都是元素运算(elementwise),无论是使用重载的运算符还是函数。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)
# Elementwise sum; both produce the array
# [[ 6.0 8.0]
# [10.0 12.0]]
print(x + y)
print(np.add(x, y))
# Elementwise difference; both produce the array
# [[-4.0 -4.0]
# [-4.0 -4.0]]
print(x - y)
print(np.subtract(x, y))
# Elementwise product; both produce the array
# [[ 5.0 12.0]
# [21.0 32.0]]
print(x * y)
print(np.multiply(x, y))
# Elementwise division; both produce the array
# [[ 0.2 0.33333333]
# [ 0.42857143 0.5 ]]
print(x / y)
print(np.divide(x, y))
# Elementwise square root; produces the array
# [[ 1. 1.41421356]
# [ 1.73205081 2. ]]
print(np.sqrt(x))
也就是说,无论是使用运算符:+、-、*、/,还是使用函数 np.add, np.subtract, np.multiply, np.divide都是对矩阵对应位置的元素进行运算。
计算向量内积、矩阵与向量相乘、矩阵相乘均可以使用函数np.dot。
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]])
v = np.array([9,10])
w = np.array([11, 12])
# Inner product of vectors; both produce 219
print(v.dot(w))
print(np.dot(v, w))
# Matrix / vector product; both produce the rank 1 array [29 67]
print(x.dot(v))
print(np.dot(x, v))
# Matrix / matrix product; both produce the rank 2 array
# [[19 22]
# [43 50]]
print(x.dot(y))
print(np.dot(x, y))
np.sum是非常常用的函数之一,可以方便的对行或列进行求和:
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
print(np.sum(x)) # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"
print(np.sum(x, axis=0)) # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"
print(np.sum(x, axis=1)) # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"
常用数学计算函数列表见官网。
转置的话在python中可以非常方便:
import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
print(x) # Prints "[[1 2]
# [3 4]]"
print(x.T) # Prints "[[1 3]
# [2 4]]"
# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:
v = np.array([1,2,3])
print(v) # Prints "[1 2 3]"
print(v.T) # Prints "[1 2 3]"
python提供了大量用于操作矩阵的函数,非常方便,见官网。
5. 广播(Broadcasting)
python中的‘广播’是一个稍微复杂一点的概念,需要多加练习,加强理解。
但是一旦学会使用‘广播’,这将是一个强大的工具,它能够帮助我们完成大量重复工作,化简为繁,也是深度学习算法中向量化的重要步骤!
‘广播’可以用来计算不同维度的矩阵之间的计算问题,一般用来解决这样的问题:我们有一个大矩阵和一个小矩阵,我们想用小矩阵对大矩阵进行多次重复的操作。
举例说明:我们想对矩阵的每一列加上一个向量,常规方法是这样操作:
import numpy as np
# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
y = np.empty_like(x) # Create an empty matrix with the same shape as x
# Add the vector v to each row of the matrix x with an explicit loop
for i in range(4):
y[i, :] = x[i, :] + v
# Now y is the following
# [[ 2 2 4]
# [ 5 5 7]
# [ 8 8 10]
# [11 11 13]]
print(y)
当然,上述方法是可行的,但是,当矩阵x非常大时,利用循环进行运算将耗时耗力。
一个巧妙的方法是,我们将向量v复制并扩展成vv,vv的行数与x相同,上述操作等同于x与vv的对应元素相加。用代码表示就是:
import numpy as np
# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
vv = np.tile(v, (4, 1)) # Stack 4 copies of v on top of each other
print(vv) # Prints "[[1 0 1]
# [1 0 1]
# [1 0 1]
# [1 0 1]]"
y = x + vv # Add x and vv elementwise
print(y) # Prints "[[ 2 2 4
# [ 5 5 7]
# [ 8 8 10]
# [11 11 13]]"
利用numpy中的‘广播’可以帮我们节省创建vv的过程:
import numpy as np
# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
y = x + v # Add v to each row of x using broadcasting
print(y) # Prints "[[ 2 2 4]
# [ 5 5 7]
# [ 8 8 10]
# [11 11 13]]"
也就是说,numpy自动将v复制并扩展为(4,3)的矩阵并与x相加,却不需要我们做任何事,仅仅使用‘+’即可!
‘广播’更加通用的规则见官网。