python3.7如何使用enum_Python3之使用枚举类

当我们需要定义常量时，一个方法是用大写变量通过整数来定义，例如月份

JAN = 1

FEB = 2

MAR = 3

APR=4

May=5

Jun=6

Jul=7

Aug=8

Sep=9

Oct=10

NOV = 11

DEC = 12

好处是简单，缺点是类型int，并且仍然是变量。

更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型，然后，每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum类来实现这个功能：

from enum import Enum

Month=Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))

这样我们就获得了Month类型的枚举类，可以直接使用Month.Jan来引用一个常量，或者枚举它所有成员

>>> Month.Jan

>>> Month.Feb

>>> for name,member in Month.__members__.items():

... print(name,'=>',member,',',member.value)

...

Jan => Month.Jan , 1

Feb => Month.Feb , 2

Mar => Month.Mar , 3

Apr => Month.Apr , 4

May => Month.May , 5

Jun => Month.Jun , 6

Jul => Month.Jul , 7

Aug => Month.Aug , 8

Sep => Month.Sep , 9

Oct => Month.Oct , 10

Nov => Month.Nov , 11

Dec => Month.Dec , 12

value属性则是自动赋给成员的int常量，默认从1开始计数

如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型，可以从Enum派生出自定义类

from enum import Enum,unique

@unique

class Weekday(Enum):

Sun=0

Mon=1

Tue=2

Wed=3

Thu=4

Fri=5

Sat=6

装饰器unique保证没有重复

访问这些枚举值有多种方法

>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon

>>> print(day1)

Weekday.Mon

>>> print(Weekday.Tue)

Weekday.Tue

>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])

Weekday.Tue

>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)

2

>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)

True

>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)

False

>>> print(Weekday(1))

Weekday.Mon

>>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))

True

>>> Weekday(7)

Traceback (most recent call last):

...

ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday

>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():

... print(name, '=>', member)

...

Sun => Weekday.Sun

Mon => Weekday.Mon

Tue => Weekday.Tue

Wed => Weekday.Wed

Thu => Weekday.Thu

Fri => Weekday.Fri

Sat => Weekday.Sat

可见，既可以用成员名称引用枚举常量，又可以直接根据value的值获得枚举常量。

练习

把Student的gender属性改为枚举类型，可以避免使用字符串

from enum import Enum, unique

class Gender(Enum):

Male=0

Female=1

class Student(object):

def __init__(self, name, gender):

self.name = name

self.gender = gender

bart=Student('Bart',Gender.Male)