首先请大牛们见谅菜鸟重复造轮子的学习方式,本文适合新手看~
下面使用的同步http是HttpClient 3.X的版本,不过早已不在维护,如果刚开始使用http,建议大家都换成4.X版本,别看下面的有关同步http的部分了,4.x效率有质地提高,总结3.X只是因为无奈旧项目还在使用。后面再更新一篇有关4.x的,最新的HttpClient 4.X官方地址:http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-4.5.x/index.html
但鉴于可能有些旧的系统还是采用3.X版本的HttpClient,所以本文还是先记录下使用方法。
http使用场景很多,据以往经验,对于客户端来说,我们使用http一般会发出以下几种常见的场景:
以get方式请求服务器不带任何参数
带上key-value对
以post方式请求服务器不带任何参数
带上key-value对
带上字节数组
带上文件
带上文件+key-value对
以上的场景一般可以满足一般的需求,然后,我们可以在这基础上扩展一点点:假如遇到一个类似于报表的子系统,主系统要在关键的逻辑链路中“打点”,通过http调用报表子系统记录一些相关的信息时,那么如果我们使用同步http来请求报表子系统的话,一旦报表子系统挂了,那么肯定会影响到主系统的运行。
为了不影响到主系统的运行,我们可以采用“异步” 的方式通过http(AsyncHttpClient )请求报表子系统,那么即使子系统挂了,对主系统的关键链路的执行也不会产生多大的影响。所以,封装一个http组件,自然而然少不了封装异步http请求。而异步http所能够做的事情,也应该覆盖上面提到的几种场景。
再者,考虑到效率问题,除非有足够的理由,否则每次调用http接口,都创建立一个新的连接,是相当没效率的,所以MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager 诞生了,HttpClient在内部维护一个连接池,通过MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager 我们可以设置“默认连接数”、“最大连接数”、“连接超时”、“读取数据超时”等等配置,从而来提高效率。
废话完了,怎么实现以上需求呢。
包的引用:
同步的http我使用的是org.apache.commons.httpclient的HttpClient的3.1版本。
maven配置为:
commons-httpclient
commons-httpclient
3.1
异步的http我使用的是com.ning.http.client的AsyncHttpClien的1.9.8版本。注意,其需要依赖几个日志相关的组件、分别为log4j、slf4j、slf4j-log4j
maven配置为:
org.slf4j
slf4j-log4j12
1.7.7
org.slf4j
slf4j-api
1.7.5
log4j
log4j
1.2.16
com.ning
async-http-client
1.9.8
为了实现连接池,我们通过一个工厂类来生成httpClient,为了上一层方便调用,我们定义了一个接口,规范了同步、异步http应该实现的方法。包结构如下:
一、同步的HttpClient 3.X
从工厂入手,工厂负责初始化httpClient的配置,包括“默认连接数”、“最大连接数”、“连接超时”、“读取数据超时”等等,不同的服务我们应该创建不同的manager,因为不可能我们调服务A和调服务B使用同一套配置是吧,比如超时时间,应该考虑会有所差异。初始化完配置后,把 manager传到实现类,在实现类中new HttpClient。
工厂代码如下:
//专门针对xx服务器的连接管理对象//因为不同服务可能超时等参数不用,所以针对不同服务,把连接管理对象区分开来,这只是其中一个
private static MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager xxconnectionManager = newMultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager();static{//专门针对xx服务器的连接参数
xxconnectionManager = newMultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager();
HttpConnectionManagerParams paramsSearch= newHttpConnectionManagerParams();
paramsSearch.setDefaultMaxConnectionsPerHost(1000); //默认连接数
paramsSearch.setMaxTotalConnections(1000); //最大连接数
paramsSearch.setConnectionTimeout(30000); //连接超时
paramsSearch.setSoTimeout(20000); //读数据超时
xxconnectionManager.setParams(paramsSearch);
}/** 返回针对XX服务的httpClient包装类*/
public staticSyncHttpClientWapperImpl getXXSearchHttpClient() {return newSyncHttpClientWapperImpl(xxconnectionManager);
}
注意一点,这些连接数,超时等的配置,要做要调查工作之后再定夺,是根据访问服务的不同,我们自己的机器能有多少剩余的可用空间的不同而不同的,而不是随随便便就设置一个参数。
实现类的构造方法如下:
private HttpClient client;//httpClient
private final static String CHARACTER = "UTF-8";//构造器,由工厂调用
publicSyncHttpClientWapperImpl(MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager connectionManager) {
client= newHttpClient(connectionManager);//字符集
client.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.HTTP_CONTENT_CHARSET, CHARACTER);
}
这里有一个挺困惑的点:HttpClient有必要弄成静态的吗?即直接在工厂里面为每种服务生成一个静态的HttpClient,然后传到实现类?经测试,改成静态的效率并没有提高,在文件传输的测试中,甚至下降了,这个有点困惑,大家可以试一试一起讨论一下。
然后,在实现类中实现各种方法。
第一种,通过URL,以get方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] getWithQueryURL(String queryURL) throwsHttpClientException {if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}byte[] newbuf =executeByGet(queryURL);if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " +queryURL);
}returnnewbuf;
}private byte[] executeByGet(String url) throwsHttpClientException {
HttpMethod method= newGetMethod(url);//RequestHeader
method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "text/html; charset=UTF-8");//提交请求
try{
client.executeMethod(method);
}catch(Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();throw newHttpClientException(url, e);
}//返回字节流
byte[] responseBody = null;try{
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(IOException e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}finally{
method.releaseConnection();
}returnresponseBody;
}
接着,写一个通用的流解析方法,负责把返回的流解析成字节数组。
private byte[] getBytesFromInpuStream(InputStream instream) throwsIOException {
ByteArrayOutputStream outstream= newByteArrayOutputStream();try{intlength;byte[] tmp = new byte[8096];while ((length = instream.read(tmp)) != -1) {
outstream.write(tmp,0, length);
}returnoutstream.toByteArray();
}finally{
instream.close();
outstream.close();
}
}
这样就完成了最简单的get请求的调用了。
第二种:通过URL和paramsMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] postWithParamsMap( String queryURL, Map paramsMap) throwsHttpClientException{if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}byte[] newbuf =executeByPostWithParamsMap(queryURL,paramsMap);if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " +queryURL);
}returnnewbuf;
}private byte[] executeByPostWithParamsMap(String URL, Map paramsMap) throwsHttpClientException {
PostMethod method= newPostMethod(URL);//构造参数
if(paramsMap != null) {
Set> entrySet =paramsMap.entrySet();
Iterator> iterator =entrySet.iterator();
NameValuePair[] nvps= newNameValuePair[paramsMap.size()];int i = 0;while(iterator.hasNext()) {
Entry entry =iterator.next();if(entry.getKey() != null) {
NameValuePair nvp= newNameValuePair(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue());
nvps[i++] =nvp;
}
}
method.setRequestBody(nvps);
}//RequestHeader,key-value对的话,httpClient自动带上application/x-www-form-urlencoded
method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8");//提交请求
try{
client.executeMethod(method);
}catch(Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();throw newHttpClientException(URL, e);
}//返回字节流
byte[] responseBody = null;try{
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(IOException e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}finally{
method.releaseConnection();
}returnresponseBody;
}
第三种:通过URL和bytes参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] postWithBytes(String queryURL , byte[] bytes) throwsHttpClientException{if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}byte[] newbuf =executeByPostWithBytes(queryURL,bytes);if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " +queryURL);
}returnnewbuf;
}private byte[] executeByPostWithBytes(String queryURL, byte[] bytes) throwsHttpClientException {
PostMethod method= newPostMethod(queryURL);
RequestEntity requestEntity= newByteArrayRequestEntity(bytes);
method.setRequestEntity(requestEntity);//RequestHeader
method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "text/plain; charset=UTF-8");//提交请求
try{
client.executeMethod(method);
}catch(Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();throw newHttpClientException(queryURL, e);
}//返回字节流
byte[] responseBody = null;try{
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(IOException e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}finally{
method.releaseConnection();
}returnresponseBody;
}
第四种:通过URL、fileList、paramMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] postWithFileListAndParamMap(String queryURL,List fileList,Map paramMap) throwsHttpClientException, HttpException, IOException {if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}if(fileList == null) {throw new HttpClientException("file is null.");
}if(paramMap == null){throw new HttpClientException("paramMap is null.");
}returnexecuteByPostWithFileListAndParamMap(queryURL, fileList, paramMap);
}private byte[] executeByPostWithFileListAndParamMap (String queryURL,List fileList,Map paramMap) throwsHttpException, IOException, HttpClientException {if(queryURL != null && fileList != null && fileList.size() > 0) {//post方法
PostMethod method = newPostMethod(queryURL);//Part[]
Part[] parts = null;if(paramMap != null) {
parts= new Part[fileList.size()+paramMap.size()];
}else{
parts= newPart[fileList.size()];
}int i = 0;//FilePart
for(File file : fileList){
Part filePart= newFilePart(file.getName(),file);
parts[i++] =filePart;
}//StringPart
if(paramMap != null) {
Set> entrySet =paramMap.entrySet();
Iterator> it =entrySet.iterator();while(it.hasNext()) {
Entry entry =it.next();
Part stringPart= newStringPart(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue(),CHARACTER);
parts[i++] =stringPart;
}
}//Entity
RequestEntity requestEntity = newMultipartRequestEntity(parts, method.getParams());
method.setRequestEntity(requestEntity);//RequestHeader,文件的话,HttpClient自动加上multipart/form-data//method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "multipart/form-data; charset=UTF-8");//excute
try{
client.executeMethod(method);
}catch(Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();throw newHttpClientException(queryURL, e);
}//return
byte[] responseBody = null;try{
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(IOException e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}finally{
method.releaseConnection();
}returnresponseBody;
}return null;
}
注意Part stringPart = new StringPart(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue(),CHARACTER);这句代码,一定要加上编码格式,不然服务端会乱码。
二、异步的AsyncHttpClient
同样的,按照这种思路,异步的AsyncHttpClient也有类似的实现,不过写法不同而已,在工厂中,AsyncHttpClient使用的是AsyncHttpClientConfig.Builder作为管理配置的类,也有类似连接超时,最大连接数等配置。
工厂类:
//专门针对xx服务器的连接管理对象//因为不同服务可能超时等参数不用,所以针对不同服务,把连接管理对象区分开来,这只是其中一个
private static AsyncHttpClientConfig.Builder xxbuilder = newAsyncHttpClientConfig.Builder();static{
xxbuilder.setConnectTimeout(3000); //连接超时
xxbuilder.setReadTimeout(2000); //读取数据超时
xxbuilder.setMaxConnections(1000); //最大连接数
}/** 返回针对XX服务的httpClient包装类*/
public staticAsyncHttpClientWapperImpl getXXSearchHttpClient() {return newAsyncHttpClientWapperImpl(xxbuilder);
}
其使用了builder 的设计模式,活生生的一个例子,值得学习。
实现类的构造方法:
privateAsyncHttpClient client;publicAsyncHttpClientWapperImpl(Builder xxbuilder) {
client= newAsyncHttpClient(xxbuilder.build());
}
这样,AsyncHttpClient对象就创建完毕了。接下来是各种场景的实现,感觉异步的AsyncHttpClient封装得比HttpClient 3.X更加容易使用,设计得更好。
第一种:通过URL,以get方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] getWithQueryURL(String queryURL)throwsHttpClientException, HttpClientException {if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL为空");
}byte[] newbuf =executeByGet(queryURL);if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " +queryURL);
}returnnewbuf;
}private byte[] executeByGet(String queryURL) throwsHttpClientException {byte[] responseBody = null;try{
Future f =client.prepareGet(queryURL).execute();
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(Exception e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}returnresponseBody;
}
同样的,我们写了一个getBytesFromInputStream()方法解析服务端返回的流,我们发现,两个实现类里面都有一些共同的方法,这里可以考虑写一个父类,把这些方法提取出来。
第二种:通过URL和paramsMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] postWithParamsMap(String queryURL,
Map paramsMap) throwsHttpClientException {if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL为空");
}byte[] newbuf =executeByPostByParamMap(queryURL,paramsMap);if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " +queryURL);
}returnnewbuf;
}private byte[] executeByPostByParamMap(String queryURL,Map paramsMap) throwsHttpClientException {byte[] responseBody = null;try{
RequestBuilder requestBuilder= newRequestBuilder();//添加 key-value参数
if(paramsMap != null && paramsMap.size() > 0) {
Set> entrySet =paramsMap.entrySet();
Iterator> iterator =entrySet.iterator();while(iterator.hasNext()) {
Entry entry =iterator.next();if(entry.getKey() != null) {
requestBuilder.addFormParam(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
}
}//添加RequestHeader,key
requestBuilder.addHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8");
requestBuilder.setMethod("POST");//添加URL
requestBuilder.setUrl(queryURL);//request
Request request =requestBuilder.build();//提交
ListenableFuture f =client.executeRequest(request);
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(Exception e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}returnresponseBody;
}
第三种:通过URL和bytes参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] postWithBytes(String queryURL, byte[] bytes)throwsHttpClientException {if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}byte[] newbuf =executeByPostWithBytes(queryURL,bytes);if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " +queryURL);
}returnnewbuf;
}private byte[] executeByPostWithBytes(String queryURL, byte[] bytes) throwsHttpClientException {byte[] responseBody = null;try{
RequestBuilder requestBuilder= newRequestBuilder();//添加 bytes参数
requestBuilder.setBody(bytes);//添加RequestHeader,key
requestBuilder.addHeader("Content-type", "text/plain; charset=UTF-8");
requestBuilder.setMethod("POST");//添加URL
requestBuilder.setUrl(queryURL);//request
Request request =requestBuilder.build();//提交
ListenableFuture f =client.executeRequest(request);
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(Exception e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}returnresponseBody;
}
第四种:通过URL、fileList、paramMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。
public byte[] postWithFileListAndParamMap(String queryURL,
List fileList, MapparamMap)throwsHttpClientException, HttpException, IOException {if(queryURL == null) {throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}if(fileList == null || fileList.size() == 0) {throw new HttpClientException("fileList is null.");
}if(paramMap == null || paramMap.size() == 0) {throw new HttpClientException("paramMap is null.");
}returnexecuteByPostWithFileListAndParamMap(queryURL, fileList, paramMap);
}private byte[] executeByPostWithFileListAndParamMap (String queryURL,List fileList,Map paramsMap) throwsHttpException, IOException, HttpClientException {if(queryURL != null && fileList != null && fileList.size() > 0) {byte[] responseBody = null;try{
RequestBuilder requestBuilder= newRequestBuilder();//FilePart
for(File file : fileList){
Part filePart= newFilePart(file.getName(),file);
requestBuilder.addBodyPart(filePart);
}//StringPart
if(paramsMap != null) {
Set> entrySet =paramsMap.entrySet();
Iterator> it =entrySet.iterator();while(it.hasNext()) {
Entry entry =it.next();
Part stringPart= newStringPart(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue());
requestBuilder.addBodyPart(stringPart);
}
}//添加RequestHeader,key
requestBuilder.addHeader("Content-type", "multipart/form-data; charset=UTF-8");
requestBuilder.setMethod("POST");//添加URL
requestBuilder.setUrl(queryURL);//request
Request request =requestBuilder.build();//提交
ListenableFuture f =client.executeRequest(request);
responseBody=getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
}catch(Exception e) {throw newHttpClientException(e);
}returnresponseBody;
}return null;
}
OK,入了个门后,更多的用法可以自己去看文档了,请不要局限以上几种常用的场景。