git add多个文件_Git之旅② - 子命令与设计哲学

如果有人让你猜Git总共有多少子命令，你可能会在思索一番之后说：可能几十个吧(虽然常用的不超过10个)。那么，当我告诉你大概有170多个时，你会是什么反应呢？

1. 所有Git子命令

Git版本号(这里所用版本号：2.22.0)

~ git version

git version 2.22.0

查看子命令的几种方法

1.1 通过帮助信息

git help

git help -a // (显示可用的子命令)

git help -g // (最常用的 Git 向导)

1.2 直接查看子命令

//Linux

ls -lF /usr/local/git/libexec/git-core | wc -l

//mac

ls -lF /usr/local/Cellar/git/2.22.0_1/libexec/git-core |wc -l

目前，2.22.0版本子命令数：170多个

git子命令

2. Git子命令

下图中是常用的Git命令

git常用命令

2.1 几个Git底层命令

• 保存数据并生成sha-1字符
• echo xxx | git hash-object -w --stdin
• git hash-object filename
• 查看对象类型
• git cat-file -t sha1
• 查看对象内容
• git cat-file -p sha-1
• 显示暂存区目录树,第三个字段是暂存区编号
• git ls-files -s(--stage)
• 查看HEAD指向的目录树,-l参数显示文件大小
• git ls-tree -l -r -t HEAD
• 查看打包的对象文件
• git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/pack-xxxxxxxxxxxx.idx
• 数据对象打包
• git gc
• 文件索引添加到暂存区
• git update-index --add --cacheinfo 100644 9f358a4addefcab294b83e4282bfef1f9625a249b
• 生成一棵树(tree对象)
• git write-tree
• 生成commit对象,并指向一棵树
• echo "second commit " | git commit-tree 43e82 -p c760d78
• 查看当前所有分支指向的版本号
• git show-ref

2.2 剖析Git的3把刷子与1枚军刀

3把刷子

ls //查看当前工作区

ls-files //查看当前暂存区

ls-tree //查看当前仓库区

1枚瑞士军刀

cat-file //查看git对象

3. 为什么这么多子命令?

这要从两方面分析：

1. 设计哲学
2. 源码

3.1 设计哲学角度

linux

一切皆文件

单一目的的小程序

组合小程序完成复杂任务

文本文件保存配置信息

......

git

还是文件 (对象)

子命令 (小程序)

.gitconfig .gitignore (配置信息)

......

Linux kernel与Git都来自同一人之手，所以你懂的...

3.2 源码角度

static struct cmd_struct commands[] = {{ "add", cmd_add, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "am", cmd_am, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "annotate", cmd_annotate, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "apply", cmd_apply, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "archive", cmd_archive, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "bisect--helper", cmd_bisect__helper, RUN_SETUP },{ "blame", cmd_blame, RUN_SETUP },{ "branch", cmd_branch, RUN_SETUP | DELAY_PAGER_CONFIG },{ "bundle", cmd_bundle, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "cat-file", cmd_cat_file, RUN_SETUP },{ "check-attr", cmd_check_attr, RUN_SETUP },{ "check-ignore", cmd_check_ignore, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "check-mailmap", cmd_check_mailmap, RUN_SETUP },{ "check-ref-format", cmd_check_ref_format, NO_PARSEOPT  },{ "checkout", cmd_checkout, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "checkout-index", cmd_checkout_index,RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE},{ "cherry", cmd_cherry, RUN_SETUP },{ "cherry-pick", cmd_cherry_pick, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "clean", cmd_clean, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "clone", cmd_clone },{ "column", cmd_column, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "commit", cmd_commit, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "commit-graph", cmd_commit_graph, RUN_SETUP },{ "commit-tree", cmd_commit_tree, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "config", cmd_config, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | DELAY_PAGER_CONFIG },{ "count-objects", cmd_count_objects, RUN_SETUP },{ "credential", cmd_credential, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "describe", cmd_describe, RUN_SETUP },{ "diff", cmd_diff, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "diff-files", cmd_diff_files, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "diff-index", cmd_diff_index, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "diff-tree", cmd_diff_tree, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "difftool", cmd_difftool, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "env--helper", cmd_env__helper },{ "fast-export", cmd_fast_export, RUN_SETUP },{ "fetch", cmd_fetch, RUN_SETUP },{ "fetch-pack", cmd_fetch_pack, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "fmt-merge-msg", cmd_fmt_merge_msg, RUN_SETUP },{ "for-each-ref", cmd_for_each_ref, RUN_SETUP },{ "format-patch", cmd_format_patch, RUN_SETUP },{ "fsck", cmd_fsck, RUN_SETUP },{ "fsck-objects", cmd_fsck, RUN_SETUP },{ "gc", cmd_gc, RUN_SETUP },{ "get-tar-commit-id", cmd_get_tar_commit_id, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "grep", cmd_grep, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "hash-object", cmd_hash_object },{ "help", cmd_help },{ "index-pack", cmd_index_pack, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "init", cmd_init_db },{ "init-db", cmd_init_db },{ "interpret-trailers", cmd_interpret_trailers, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "log", cmd_log, RUN_SETUP },{ "ls-files", cmd_ls_files, RUN_SETUP },{ "ls-remote", cmd_ls_remote, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "ls-tree", cmd_ls_tree, RUN_SETUP },{ "mailinfo", cmd_mailinfo, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "mailsplit", cmd_mailsplit, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge", cmd_merge, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "merge-base", cmd_merge_base, RUN_SETUP },{ "merge-file", cmd_merge_file, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "merge-index", cmd_merge_index, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge-ours", cmd_merge_ours, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge-recursive", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge-recursive-ours", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge-recursive-theirs", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge-subtree", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "merge-tree", cmd_merge_tree, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "mktag", cmd_mktag, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "mktree", cmd_mktree, RUN_SETUP },{ "multi-pack-index", cmd_multi_pack_index, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },{ "mv", cmd_mv, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "name-rev", cmd_name_rev, RUN_SETUP },{ "notes", cmd_notes, RUN_SETUP },{ "pack-objects", cmd_pack_objects, RUN_SETUP },{ "pack-redundant", cmd_pack_redundant, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "pack-refs", cmd_pack_refs, RUN_SETUP },{ "patch-id", cmd_patch_id, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "pickaxe", cmd_blame, RUN_SETUP },{ "prune", cmd_prune, RUN_SETUP },{ "prune-packed", cmd_prune_packed, RUN_SETUP },{ "pull", cmd_pull, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "push", cmd_push, RUN_SETUP },{ "range-diff", cmd_range_diff, RUN_SETUP | USE_PAGER },{ "read-tree", cmd_read_tree, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},{ "rebase", cmd_rebase, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "rebase--interactive", cmd_rebase__interactive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "receive-pack", cmd_receive_pack },{ "reflog", cmd_reflog, RUN_SETUP },{ "remote", cmd_remote, RUN_SETUP },{ "remote-ext", cmd_remote_ext, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "remote-fd", cmd_remote_fd, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "repack", cmd_repack, RUN_SETUP },{ "replace", cmd_replace, RUN_SETUP },{ "rerere", cmd_rerere, RUN_SETUP },{ "reset", cmd_reset, RUN_SETUP },{ "restore", cmd_restore, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "rev-list", cmd_rev_list, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "rev-parse", cmd_rev_parse, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "revert", cmd_revert, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "rm", cmd_rm, RUN_SETUP },{ "send-pack", cmd_send_pack, RUN_SETUP },{ "shortlog", cmd_shortlog, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | USE_PAGER },{ "show", cmd_show, RUN_SETUP },{ "show-branch", cmd_show_branch, RUN_SETUP },{ "show-index", cmd_show_index },{ "show-ref", cmd_show_ref, RUN_SETUP },{ "stage", cmd_add, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },/* * NEEDSWORK: Until the builtin stash is thoroughly robust and no * longer needs redirection to the stash shell script this is kept as * is, then should be changed to RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE */{ "stash", cmd_stash },{ "status", cmd_status, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "stripspace", cmd_stripspace },{ "submodule--helper", cmd_submodule__helper, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "switch", cmd_switch, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },{ "symbolic-ref", cmd_symbolic_ref, RUN_SETUP },{ "tag", cmd_tag, RUN_SETUP | DELAY_PAGER_CONFIG },{ "unpack-file", cmd_unpack_file, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "unpack-objects", cmd_unpack_objects, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "update-index", cmd_update_index, RUN_SETUP },{ "update-ref", cmd_update_ref, RUN_SETUP },{ "update-server-info", cmd_update_server_info, RUN_SETUP },{ "upload-archive", cmd_upload_archive, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "upload-archive--writer", cmd_upload_archive_writer, NO_PARSEOPT },{ "upload-pack", cmd_upload_pack },{ "var", cmd_var, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "verify-commit", cmd_verify_commit, RUN_SETUP },{ "verify-pack", cmd_verify_pack },{ "verify-tag", cmd_verify_tag, RUN_SETUP },{ "version", cmd_version },{ "whatchanged", cmd_whatchanged, RUN_SETUP },{ "worktree", cmd_worktree, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },{ "write-tree", cmd_write_tree, RUN_SETUP },};....int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv){const char *cmd;int done_help = 0;cmd = argv[0];if (!cmd)cmd = "git-help";else {const char *slash = find_last_dir_sep(cmd);if (slash)cmd = slash + 1;}trace_command_performance(argv);/* * "git-xxxx" is the same as "git xxxx", but we obviously: * *  - cannot take flags in between the "git" and the "xxxx". *  - cannot execute it externally (since it would just do *    the same thing over again) * * So we just directly call the builtin handler, and die if * that one cannot handle it. */if (skip_prefix(cmd, "git-", &cmd)) {argv[0] = cmd;handle_builtin(argc, argv);die(_("cannot handle %s as a builtin"), cmd);}       ....

可以看出来，但凡带 "git-" 前缀的命令与去掉前缀作为git的子命令是一样的。

反应在代码中，每一个命令又是一个单独的文件存在。

如此以来，复杂的git就化整为零，靠着众多子命令单独的功能，实现一个复杂的版本控制系统。

看来，好的程序员必修的一门课，放在第一位的绝对是：哲学。