简介:
python 描述符是新式类(继承自object)中的语言协议,基于描述符可以提供更佳优雅的解决方案。
python的classmethod, staticmethod, property都是基于描述符建立的。
描述符的协议:
定义了__set__, __get__, __delete__3个方法中任何一个方法的object可以作为描述符.
描述符分类:
同时定义了__set__,__get__被叫做data descriptor.
只定义了__get__被叫做no-data descriptor.
2种描述符的区别:
Data and non-data descriptors differ in how overrides are calculated with respect to entries in an instance’s dictionary. If an instance’s dictionary has an entry with the same name as a data descriptor, the data descriptor takes precedence. If an instance’s dictionary has an entry with the same name as a non-data descriptor, the dictionary entry takes precedence.
在 attrubuite lookup过程中 :
如果对象属性有与data-descriptor同名的属性,data-descriptor优先于对象属性.
如果对象属性有与no-data descriptor同名的属性,对象属性优先。
触发描述符的调用:
A descriptor can be called directly by its method name. For example, d.__get__(obj).
Alternatively, it is more common for a descriptor to be invoked automatically upon attribute access. For example, obj.d looks up d in the dictionary of obj. If d defines the method __get__(), thend.__get__(obj) is invoked according to the precedence rules listed below.
The details of invocation depend on whether obj is an object or a class. Either way, descriptors only work for new style objects and classes. A class is new style if it is a subclass of object.
For objects, the machinery is in object.__getattribute__() which transforms b.x into type(b).__dict__['x'].__get__(b, type(b)). The implementation works through a precedence chain that gives data descriptors priority over instance variables, instance variables priority over non-data descriptors, and assigns lowest priority to __getattr__() if provided
The important points to remember are:
descriptors are invoked by the __getattribute__() method
overriding __getattribute__() prevents automatic descriptor calls
__getattribute__() is only available with new style classes and objects
object.__getattribute__() and type.__getattribute__() make different calls to __get__().
data descriptors always override instance dictionaries.
non-data descriptors may be overridden by instance dictionaries.