python多环境管理_pyenv - python多版本和多环境管理利器

背景

问题：

(1)同一个环境中，由于方案不同，选择的python版本不同。

一些开源软件，可能依赖老旧的python版本，但是项目选择的较新的python版本。

这样导致一个环境中，需要安装多个python版本的需求。

(2)即使对于同一python版本，多个不同的项目，选择的依赖包，有可能也有不同。

对于第一个问题，只能手动单独安装不同版本，例如通过 apt-get install python3.7

对于 python2 和 python3 的不同版本，则又需要维护 /usr/bin/python 和 /usr/bin/python3 和 pip软连接。

这是一件繁琐且重复的事情。

对于第二个问题， 可以采用 virtualenv 或者 pipenv 工具解决。 但是其必须是在某个指定的python版本上首先安装这些工具。

解决方案

pyenv 为这两个问题同时提供了解决方案。

https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv

Simple Python version management

pyenv lets you easily switch between multiple versions of Python. It's simple, unobtrusive, and follows the UNIX tradition of single-purpose tools that do one thing well.

This project was forked from rbenv and ruby-build, and modified for Python.

功能

对于每一个用户提供改变python全局版本的能力。

对于每个项目的python版本提供支持。

pyenv does...

Let you change the global Python version on a per-user basis.

Provide support for per-project Python versions.

Allow you to override the Python version with an environment variable.

Search commands from multiple versions of Python at a time. This may be helpful to test across Python versions with tox.

安装

自动安装

The automatic installer

Prerequisites

In general, compiling your own Python interpreter requires the installation of the appropriate libraries and packages. The installation wiki provides a list of these for common operating systems.

Install:

$ curl https://pyenv.run | bash

pyenv.run redirects to the install script in this repository and the invocation above is equivalent to:

$ curl -L https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer/raw/master/bin/pyenv-installer | bash

Restart your shell so the path changes take effect:

$ exec $SHELL

You can now begin using pyenv.

Update:

$ pyenv update

按步骤安装(for Ubuntu)

如果自动安装失败，使用此方法安装。

https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv#installation

Check out pyenv where you want it installed. A good place to choose is $HOME/.pyenv (but you can install it somewhere else).

git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv

Define environment variable PYENV_ROOT to point to the path where pyenv repo is cloned and add $PYENV_ROOT/bin to your $PATH for access to the pyenv command-line utility.

For Ubuntu Desktop:

echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bashrcecho 'export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc

Add pyenv init to your shell to enable shims and autocompletion. Please make sure eval "$(pyenv init -)" is placed toward the end of the shell configuration file since it manipulates PATH during the initialization.

echo -e 'if command -v pyenv 1>/dev/null 2>&1; then\n eval "$(pyenv init -)"\nfi' >> ~/.bashrc

Restart your shell so the path changes take effect. You can now begin using pyenv.

exec "$SHELL"

因为pyenv采取的方案是下载python包，然后进行编译安装的方法，所以需要先安装编译工具

Install Python build dependencies before attempting to install a new Python version.

https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki#suggested-build-environment

sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends make build-essential libssl-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev wget curl llvm libncurses5-dev xz-utils tk-dev libxml2-dev libxmlsec1-dev libffi-dev liblzma-dev

Install Python versions into $(pyenv root)/versions. For example, to download and install Python 2.7.8, run:

pyenv install 2.7.8

说明

(1) 如果安装过程中遇到如下报错，

File"/usr/bin/lsb_release",line 64print("No LSB modules are available.",file=sys.stderr)^SyntaxError:invalid syntax

则执行如下命令，可解决：

sudo rm -rf /usr/bin/lsb_release

from：

https://askubuntu.com/questions/853377/error-with-lsb-release-a-in-ubuntu-16-04-xenial

命令

https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md

完整命令

从中可以看到，创建虚拟环境的命令也在其中。

root:~/win10/mine# pyenv commands

--version

activate

commands

completions

deactivate

doctor

exec

global

help

hooks

init

install

installer

local

offline-installer

prefix

rehash

root

shell

shims

uninstall

update

version

version-file

version-file-read

version-file-write

version-name

version-origin

versions

virtualenv

virtualenv-delete

virtualenv-init

virtualenv-prefix

virtualenvs

whence

which

root:~/win10/mine#

pyenv环境覆盖关系

三种环境， 按照优先级从高到低 shell > local > global

+----------------------------------+

| |

| shell-specific Python version |

| |

+---------------+------------------+

|

v

+---------------+------------------+

| |

| |

| local application-specific |

| Python Version |

+---------------+------------------+

|

v

+---------------+------------------+

| |

| |

| global version of Python |

| |

+----------------------------------+

虚拟环境

创建2.7.13虚拟环境

激活虚拟环境

pyenv activate env271

如果要切换回系统环境， 运行这个命令即可

pyenv deactivate

参考：

https://www.cnblogs.com/chjbbs/p/6611452.html

https://www.jianshu.com/p/158d880b2d41