Golang：io包中的接口

前导

• 类型实现多个接口，目的是为什么呢？为了提高不同程序实体之间的互操作性，极大地拓展了它的适用范围和应用场景。
• Go 语言的各种库中，能够操作它们的函数和数据类型明显多了很多。

接口

• Reader接口需要实现一个Read方法。Read方法接收一个[]byte切片作为参数。返回一个int和一个error。Read方法需要将数据放到p里，返回的整型是读出来的实际长度。
• Writer接口需要实现一个Write方法。Write方法接收一个[]byte切片作为参数，返回一个int和一个error。Write方法需要将参数中的数据写入到数据流，返回的整型是写入的实际长度。
• Closer接口需要实现一个Close方法。Close方法没有参数，返回error。
• Seeker接口需要实现一个Seek方法。Seek方法需要接收两个参数，第一个参数是用来指定下次读写从哪开始，它是一个相对值。第二个参数是枚举值，配合第一个参数使用，有从头，从当前位置，从尾部。

// Reader is the interface that wraps the basic Read method.
//
// Read reads up to len(p) bytes into p. It returns the number of bytes
// read (0 <= n <= len(p)) and any error encountered. Even if Read
// returns n < len(p), it may use all of p as scratch space during the call.
// If some data is available but not len(p) bytes, Read conventionally
// returns what is available instead of waiting for more.
//
// When Read encounters an error or end-of-file condition after
// successfully reading n > 0 bytes, it returns the number of
// bytes read. It may return the (non-nil) error from the same call
// or return the error (and n == 0) from a subsequent call.
// An instance of this general case is that a Reader returning
// a non-zero number of bytes at the end of the input stream may
// return either err == EOF or err == nil. The next Read should
// return 0, EOF.
//
// Callers should always process the n > 0 bytes returned before
// considering the error err. Doing so correctly handles I/O errors
// that happen after reading some bytes and also both of the
// allowed EOF behaviors.
//
// Implementations of Read are discouraged from returning a
// zero byte count with a nil error, except when len(p) == 0.
// Callers should treat a return of 0 and nil as indicating that
// nothing happened; in particular it does not indicate EOF.
//
// Implementations must not retain p.
type Reader interface {
	Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

// Writer is the interface that wraps the basic Write method.
//
// Write writes len(p) bytes from p to the underlying data stream.
// It returns the number of bytes written from p (0 <= n <= len(p))
// and any error encountered that caused the write to stop early.
// Write must return a non-nil error if it returns n < len(p).
// Write must not modify the slice data, even temporarily.
//
// Implementations must not retain p.
type Writer interface {
	Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

// Closer is the interface that wraps the basic Close method.
//
// The behavior of Close after the first call is undefined.
// Specific implementations may document their own behavior.
type Closer interface {
	Close() error
}

// Seek whence values.
const (
	SeekStart   = 0 // seek relative to the origin of the file
	SeekCurrent = 1 // seek relative to the current offset
	SeekEnd     = 2 // seek relative to the end
)

// Seeker is the interface that wraps the basic Seek method.
//
// Seek sets the offset for the next Read or Write to offset,
// interpreted according to whence:
// SeekStart means relative to the start of the file,
// SeekCurrent means relative to the current offset, and
// SeekEnd means relative to the end.
// Seek returns the new offset relative to the start of the
// file and an error, if any.
//
// Seeking to an offset before the start of the file is an error.
// Seeking to any positive offset is legal, but the behavior of subsequent
// I/O operations on the underlying object is implementation-dependent.
type Seeker interface {
	Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error)
}

扩展接口

• 使用接口组合实现
  

// ReadWriter is the interface that groups the basic Read and Write methods.
type ReadWriter interface {
	Reader
	Writer
}

// ReadCloser is the interface that groups the basic Read and Close methods.
type ReadCloser interface {
	Reader
	Closer
}

// WriteCloser is the interface that groups the basic Write and Close methods.
type WriteCloser interface {
	Writer
	Closer
}

// ReadWriteCloser is the interface that groups the basic Read, Write and Close methods.
type ReadWriteCloser interface {
	Reader
	Writer
	Closer
}

// ReadSeeker is the interface that groups the basic Read and Seek methods.
type ReadSeeker interface {
	Reader
	Seeker
}

// WriteSeeker is the interface that groups the basic Write and Seek methods.
type WriteSeeker interface {
	Writer
	Seeker
}

// ReadWriteSeeker is the interface that groups the basic Read, Write and Seek methods.
type ReadWriteSeeker interface {
	Reader
	Writer
	Seeker
}

其他实现

• LimitedReader类型包含一个Reader和一个int64类型的字段N，该字段用来限制从Reader读取的字节长度，无论调用多少次，最多读出N个字节。

// LimitReader returns a Reader that reads from r
// but stops with EOF after n bytes.
// The underlying implementation is a *LimitedReader.
func LimitReader(r Reader, n int64) Reader { return &LimitedReader{r, n} }

// A LimitedReader reads from R but limits the amount of
// data returned to just N bytes. Each call to Read
// updates N to reflect the new amount remaining.
// Read returns EOF when N <= 0 or when the underlying R returns EOF.
type LimitedReader struct {
	R Reader // underlying reader
	N int64  // max bytes remaining
}

func (l *LimitedReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	if l.N <= 0 {
		return 0, EOF
	}
	if int64(len(p)) > l.N {
		p = p[0:l.N]
	}
	n, err = l.R.Read(p)
	l.N -= int64(n)
	return
}

• SectionReader包装了ReaderAt接口，并且限制他的读取范围，这个类型有四个字段。一个ReaderAt，三个int64。base表示起始位置。off表示当前位置，limit表示结束位置。
• 起始位置和末尾位置，需要在它被初始化的时候就指明，并且之后无法变更。
• Size方法返回的就是NewSectionReader中的n因为limit=base+n

// NewSectionReader returns a SectionReader that reads from r
// starting at offset off and stops with EOF after n bytes.
func NewSectionReader(r ReaderAt, off int64, n int64) *SectionReader {
	return &SectionReader{r, off, off, off + n}
}

// SectionReader implements Read, Seek, and ReadAt on a section
// of an underlying ReaderAt.
type SectionReader struct {
	r     ReaderAt
	base  int64
	off   int64
	limit int64
}

func (s *SectionReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	if s.off >= s.limit {
		return 0, EOF
	}
	if max := s.limit - s.off; int64(len(p)) > max {
		p = p[0:max]
	}
	n, err = s.r.ReadAt(p, s.off)
	s.off += int64(n)
	return
}

var errWhence = errors.New("Seek: invalid whence")
var errOffset = errors.New("Seek: invalid offset")

func (s *SectionReader) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error) {
	switch whence {
	default:
		return 0, errWhence
	case SeekStart:
		offset += s.base
	case SeekCurrent:
		offset += s.off
	case SeekEnd:
		offset += s.limit
	}
	if offset < s.base {
		return 0, errOffset
	}
	s.off = offset
	return offset - s.base, nil
}

func (s *SectionReader) ReadAt(p []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) {
	if off < 0 || off >= s.limit-s.base {
		return 0, EOF
	}
	off += s.base
	if max := s.limit - off; int64(len(p)) > max {
		p = p[0:max]
		n, err = s.r.ReadAt(p, off)
		if err == nil {
			err = EOF
		}
		return n, err
	}
	return s.r.ReadAt(p, off)
}

// Size returns the size of the section in bytes.
func (s *SectionReader) Size() int64 { return s.limit - s.base }

• teeReader是私有的，封装了Reader和Writer。
• 它的Read方法是把自身的Reader的数据读入参数p中，再写入到自身的Writer。

// TeeReader returns a Reader that writes to w what it reads from r.
// All reads from r performed through it are matched with
// corresponding writes to w. There is no internal buffering -
// the write must complete before the read completes.
// Any error encountered while writing is reported as a read error.
func TeeReader(r Reader, w Writer) Reader {
	return &teeReader{r, w}
}

type teeReader struct {
	r Reader
	w Writer
}

func (t *teeReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	n, err = t.r.Read(p)
	if n > 0 {
		if n, err := t.w.Write(p[:n]); err != nil {
			return n, err
		}
	}
	return
}

• multiReader 也是一个私有类型，仅有一个字段是Reader的切片。
• 它的Read方法是从Reader切片中读取，先读第一个Reader，直到EOF。然后就移动切片左边界，即丢掉第一个已经读干净的。

type multiReader struct {
	readers []Reader
}

func (mr *multiReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	for len(mr.readers) > 0 {
		// Optimization to flatten nested multiReaders (Issue 13558).
		if len(mr.readers) == 1 {
			if r, ok := mr.readers[0].(*multiReader); ok {
				mr.readers = r.readers
				continue
			}
		}
		n, err = mr.readers[0].Read(p)
		if err == EOF {
			// Use eofReader instead of nil to avoid nil panic
			// after performing flatten (Issue 18232).
			mr.readers[0] = eofReader{} // permit earlier GC
			mr.readers = mr.readers[1:]
		}
		if n > 0 || err != EOF {
			if err == EOF && len(mr.readers) > 0 {
				// Don't return EOF yet. More readers remain.
				err = nil
			}
			return
		}
	}
	return 0, EOF
}

// MultiReader returns a Reader that's the logical concatenation of
// the provided input readers. They're read sequentially. Once all
// inputs have returned EOF, Read will return EOF.  If any of the readers
// return a non-nil, non-EOF error, Read will return that error.
func MultiReader(readers ...Reader) Reader {
	r := make([]Reader, len(readers))
	copy(r, readers)
	return &multiReader{r}
}