标记了__init和__exit的函数，都是作用于模块的;
__init：是载入模块时执行的操作
__exit：是卸载模块时的操作
printk是用来打印内核信息的函数，会将信息保存在系统日志，或是打印在控制台上;是否打印在控制台是取决于当前控制台日志级别，具体baidu
已下是printk的日志级别
#define KERN_EMERG"<0>"/*紧急事件消息，系统崩溃之前提示，表示系统不可用*/
#define KERN_ALERT"<1>"/*报告消息，表示必须立即采取措施*/
#define KERN_CRIT"<2>"/*临界条件，通常涉及严重的硬件或软件操作失败*/
#define KERN_ERR"<3>"/*错误条件，驱动程序常用KERN_ERR来报告硬件的错误*/
#define KERN_WARNING"<4>"/*警告条件，对可能出现问题的情况进行警告*/
#define KERN_NOTICE"<5>"/*正常但又重要的条件，用于提醒。常 用于与安全相关的消息*/
#define KERN_INFO"<6>"/*提示信息，如驱动程序启动时，打印硬件信息*/
#define KERN_DEBUG"<7>"/*调试级别的消息*/
module结构体：
linux/module.c
try_module_get()函数:
struct module {
enum module_state state;
/* Member of list of modules */
struct list_head list;
/* Unique handle for this module */
char name[MODULE_NAME_LEN];
/* Sysfs stuff. */
struct module_kobject mkobj;
struct module_attribute *modinfo_attrs;
const char *version;
const char *srcversion;
struct kobject *holders_dir;
/* Exported symbols */
const struct kernel_symbol *syms;
const s32 *crcs;
unsigned int num_syms;
/* Kernel parameters. */
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
struct mutex param_lock;
#endif
struct kernel_param *kp;
unsigned int num_kp;
/* GPL-only exported symbols. */
unsigned int num_gpl_syms;
const struct kernel_symbol *gpl_syms;
const s32 *gpl_crcs;
#ifdef CONFIG_UNUSED_SYMBOLS
/* unused exported symbols. */
const struct kernel_symbol *unused_syms;
const s32 *unused_crcs;
unsigned int num_unused_syms;
/* GPL-only, unused exported symbols. */
unsigned int num_unused_gpl_syms;
const struct kernel_symbol *unused_gpl_syms;
const s32 *unused_gpl_crcs;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MODULE_SIG
/* Signature was verified. */
bool sig_ok;
#endif
bool async_probe_requested;
/* symbols that will be GPL-only in the near future. */
const struct kernel_symbol *gpl_future_syms;
const s32 *gpl_future_crcs;
unsigned int num_gpl_future_syms;
/* Exception table */
unsigned int num_exentries;
struct exception_table_entry *extable;
/* Startup function. */
int (*init)(void);
/* Core layout: rbtree is accessed frequently, so keep together. */
struct module_layout core_layout __module_layout_align;
struct module_layout init_layout;
/* Arch-specific module values */
struct mod_arch_specific arch;
unsigned long taints; /* same bits as kernel:taint_flags */
#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG
/* Support for BUG */
unsigned num_bugs;
struct list_head bug_list;
struct bug_entry *bug_table;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_KALLSYMS
/* Protected by RCU and/or module_mutex: use rcu_dereference() */
struct mod_kallsyms __rcu *kallsyms;
struct mod_kallsyms core_kallsyms;
/* Section attributes */
struct module_sect_attrs *sect_attrs;
/* Notes attributes */
struct module_notes_attrs *notes_attrs;
#endif
/* The command line arguments (may be mangled). People like
keeping pointers to this stuff */
char *args;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
/* Per-cpu data. */
void __percpu *percpu;
unsigned int percpu_size;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACEPOINTS
unsigned int num_tracepoints;
tracepoint_ptr_t *tracepoints_ptrs;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_SRCU
unsigned int num_srcu_structs;
struct srcu_struct **srcu_struct_ptrs;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BPF_EVENTS
unsigned int num_bpf_raw_events;
struct bpf_raw_event_map *bpf_raw_events;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL
struct jump_entry *jump_entries;
unsigned int num_jump_entries;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING
unsigned int num_trace_bprintk_fmt;
const char **trace_bprintk_fmt_start;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING
struct trace_event_call **trace_events;
unsigned int num_trace_events;
struct trace_eval_map **trace_evals;
unsigned int num_trace_evals;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
unsigned int num_ftrace_callsites;
unsigned long *ftrace_callsites;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LIVEPATCH
bool klp; /* Is this a livepatch module? */
bool klp_alive;
/* Elf information */
struct klp_modinfo *klp_info;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD
/* What modules depend on me? */
struct list_head source_list;
/* What modules do I depend on? */
struct list_head target_list;
/* Destruction function. */
void (*exit)(void);
atomic_t refcnt;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS
/* Constructor functions. */
ctor_fn_t *ctors;
unsigned int num_ctors;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_ERROR_INJECTION
struct error_injection_entry *ei_funcs;
unsigned int num_ei_funcs;
#endif
} ____cacheline_aligned __randomize_layout;
#ifndef MODULE_ARCH_INIT
module结构体相当亢长，值得注意的几个：
里面的state是个枚举：
enum module_state {
MODULE_STATE_LIVE, /* Normal state. */
MODULE_STATE_COMING, /* Full formed, running module_init. */
MODULE_STATE_GOING, /* Going away. */
MODULE_STATE_UNFORMED, /* Still setting it up. */
};
refcnt为reference count，也就是module的被关联数;在module结构体中被定义为是个具有原子操作特性的atomic_t类型;
atomic_t refcnt;
try_module_get()函数用于判断module的状态（module_is_alive），以及atomic_inc_not_zero()函数判断module的refcnt是否大于0（等于0的话说明module目前是MODULE_STATE_GOING的状态，没办法get），大于0的话就将refcnt+1;
bool try_module_get(struct module *module)
{
bool ret = true;
if (module) {
preempt_disable();
/* Note: here, we can fail to get a reference */
if (likely(module_is_live(module) &&
atomic_inc_not_zero(&module->refcnt) != 0))
trace_module_get(module, _RET_IP_);
else
ret = false;
preempt_enable();
}
return ret;
}
若module在内核中，通过atomic_dec_if_positive()函数，在module的refcnt>0的时候将refcnt-1;
若对一个module做refcnt-1之后，ret<0了将会通过WARN_ON()来报warning;
void module_put(struct module *module)
{
int ret;
if (module) {
preempt_disable();
//下面是个原子操作，需要关闭抢占
ret = atomic_dec_if_positive(&module->refcnt);
WARN_ON(ret < 0); /* Failed to put refcount */
trace_module_put(module, _RET_IP_);
preempt_enable();
}
}
关于文件操作：
file_operations结构用于建立，设备编号和驱动程序之间的连接，结构定义在linux/fs.h中;
在Linux中，指向file_operation结构的指针称为fops，在file_operations这个结构中，每个字段都要指向驱动程序中实现特定操作的函数，对于不支持的操作可以指向NULL;
很多参数带有__user,__user这个前缀是用于表明指针是一个用户空间地址，检查防止对用户空间的错误使用;
struct file_operations {
struct module *owner;
loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
__poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
unsigned long mmap_supported_flags;
int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
int (*check_flags)(int);
int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
loff_t len);
void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
#endif
ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
} __randomize_layout;
linux/fs.h中还定义了一个非常重要的结构体file：
struct file {
union {
struct llist_node fu_llist;
struct rcu_head fu_rcuhead;
} f_u;
struct path f_path;
struct inode *f_inode; /* cached value */
const struct file_operations *f_op;
/*
* Protects f_ep_links, f_flags.
* Must not be taken from IRQ context.
*/
spinlock_t f_lock;
enum rw_hint f_write_hint;
atomic_long_t f_count;
unsigned int f_flags;
fmode_t f_mode;
struct mutex f_pos_lock;
loff_t f_pos;
struct fown_struct f_owner;
const struct cred *f_cred;
struct file_ra_state f_ra;
u64 f_version;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
void *f_security;
#endif
/* needed for tty driver, and maybe others */
void *private_data;
#ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL
/* Used by fs/eventpoll.c to link all the hooks to this file */
struct list_head f_ep_links;
struct list_head f_tfile_llink;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
struct address_space *f_mapping;
errseq_t f_wb_err;
} __randomize_layout
__attribute__((aligned(4))); /* lest something weird decides that 2 is OK */
file结构代表的是一个打开的文件（不限于设备驱动程序，linux中每个打开的文件在内核空间都有一个对应的file结构）这个file结构体在调用open函数时建立，并在close之后释放;
在内核源码中，用filp文件指针来指向file结构体;
以rcu为前缀的，是Linux提供的一种lockless机制，Read-copy Update，是rwlcok读写锁的强化版;和rwlcok不同的是，rcu在写入的时候也可以读;
它适用于读多写少的情况，允许多个进程对文件同时进行读操作，用rcu_read_lock()和rcu_read_unlock()这两个API来保持一个读者的RCU临界区.在该临界区内不允许发生上下文切换;
对于写操作的时候，需要先复制一份原来的文件的备份（copy），然后在对副本文件修改，当确保执行了rcu_read_unlock之后才能够去用副本去覆盖;
https://www.jianshu.com/p/9aa4038f7050 这个文章写的很好;
并且file结构体中还定义了指向inode结构体的指针f_inode
struct inode *f_inode;
还有指向file_operation的指针f_op;
const struct file_operations *f_op;
关于inode结构体：
linux用inode在内部表示文件，而前面提到的file是每打开一个文件就会建立一个file结构体，是打开文件的文件描述符; 对单个文件，可能会有许多个表示打开文件的文件描述符file结构，但他们都指向单个inode结构;
struct inode {
umode_t i_mode;
unsigned short i_opflags;
kuid_t i_uid;
kgid_t i_gid;
unsigned int i_flags;
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL
struct posix_acl *i_acl;
struct posix_acl *i_default_acl;
#endif
const struct inode_operations *i_op;
struct super_block *i_sb;
struct address_space *i_mapping;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
void *i_security;
#endif
/* Stat data, not accessed from path walking */
unsigned long i_ino;
/*
* Filesystems may only read i_nlink directly. They shall use the
* following functions for modification:
*
* (set|clear|inc|drop)_nlink
* inode_(inc|dec)_link_count
*/
union {
const unsigned int i_nlink;
unsigned int __i_nlink;
};
dev_t i_rdev;
loff_t i_size;
struct timespec64 i_atime;
struct timespec64 i_mtime;
struct timespec64 i_ctime;
spinlock_t i_lock; /* i_blocks, i_bytes, maybe i_size */
unsigned short i_bytes;
u8 i_blkbits;
u8 i_write_hint;
blkcnt_t i_blocks;
#ifdef __NEED_I_SIZE_ORDERED
seqcount_t i_size_seqcount;
#endif
/* Misc */
unsigned long i_state;
struct rw_semaphore i_rwsem;
unsigned long dirtied_when; /* jiffies of first dirtying */
unsigned long dirtied_time_when;
struct hlist_node i_hash;
struct list_head i_io_list; /* backing dev IO list */
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
struct bdi_writeback *i_wb; /* the associated cgroup wb */
/* foreign inode detection, see wbc_detach_inode() */
int i_wb_frn_winner;
u16 i_wb_frn_avg_time;
u16 i_wb_frn_history;
#endif
struct list_head i_lru; /* inode LRU list */
struct list_head i_sb_list;
struct list_head i_wb_list; /* backing dev writeback list */
union {
struct hlist_head i_dentry;
struct rcu_head i_rcu;
};
atomic64_t i_version;
atomic64_t i_sequence; /* see futex */
atomic_t i_count;
atomic_t i_dio_count;
atomic_t i_writecount;
#if defined(CONFIG_IMA) || defined(CONFIG_FILE_LOCKING)
atomic_t i_readcount; /* struct files open RO */
#endif
union {
const struct file_operations *i_fop; /* former ->i_op->default_file_ops */
void (*free_inode)(struct inode *);
};
struct file_lock_context *i_flctx;
struct address_space i_data;
struct list_head i_devices;
union {
struct pipe_inode_info *i_pipe;
struct block_device *i_bdev;
struct cdev *i_cdev;
char *i_link;
unsigned i_dir_seq;
};
__u32 i_generation;
#ifdef CONFIG_FSNOTIFY
__u32 i_fsnotify_mask; /* all events this inode cares about */
struct fsnotify_mark_connector __rcu *i_fsnotify_marks;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION
struct fscrypt_info *i_crypt_info;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_VERITY
struct fsverity_info *i_verity_info;
#endif
void *i_private; /* fs or device private pointer */
} __randomize_layout;
在indoe中定义了指向file_operations的指针i_fop
const struct file_operations *i_fop; /* former ->i_op->default_file_ops */
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