Python反爬虫机制

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-25 09:19:51 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-25 09:19:51 发布

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分类专栏： Python爬虫文章标签：反爬虫

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添加请求头User-Agent:
如果不添加请求头，网站会认为不是用浏览器操作，会进行反爬虫，添加请求头，网站会识别你是用哪个浏览器，不同的浏览器User-Agent不同

user_agent = ["Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64)", 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; rv:11.0) like Gecko)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.2) Gecko/2008070208 Firefox/3.0.1',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20070309 Firefox/2.0.0.3',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20070803 Firefox/1.5.0.12',
              'Opera/9.27 (Windows NT 5.2; U; zh-cn)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; PPC Mac OS X; U; en) Opera 8.0',
              'Opera/8.0 (Macintosh; PPC Mac OS X; U; en)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.12) Gecko/20080219 Firefox/2.0.0.12 Navigator/9.0.0.6',
              'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/4.0)',
              'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.2; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Maxthon/4.0.6.2000 Chrome/26.0.1410.43 Safari/537.1 ',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.2; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.3.9825.400)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:21.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/21.0 ',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.92 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0; BIDUBrowser 2.x)',
              'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/3.0 Safari/536.11']

修改访问频率：
大多数情况下，我们遇到的是访问频率限制。如果你访问太快了，网站就会认为你不是一个人。这种情况下需要设定好频率的阈值，否则有可能误伤。
遇到这种网页，最直接的办法是限制访问时间
需要你限制不定的时间，不能用一个准确的时间
代理IP
如果对页的爬虫的效率有要求，那就不能通过设定访问时间间隔的方法来绕过频率检查了。

代理IP访问可以解决这个问题。如果用100个代理IP访问100个页面，可以给网站造成一种有100个人，每个人访问了1页的错觉。这样自然而然就不会限制你的访问了。
但是代理IP也很不稳定，需要时刻检验你的IP是否能用

import urllib2
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
  
def IPspider(numpage):
    csvfile = file('ips.csv', 'wb')  
    writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
    url='http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/'
    user_agent='IP'
    headers={'User-agent':user_agent}
    for num in xrange(1,numpage+1):
        ipurl=url+str(num)
        print 'Now downloading the '+str(num*100)+' ips'
        request=urllib2.Request(ipurl,headers=headers)
        content=urllib2.urlopen(request).read()
        bs=BeautifulSoup(content,'html.parser')
        res=bs.find_all('tr')
        for item in res:
            try:
                temp=[]
                tds=item.find_all('td')
                temp.append(tds[1].text.encode('utf-8'))
                temp.append(tds[2].text.encode('utf-8'))
                writer.writerow(temp)
            except IndexError:
                    pass
            
#假设爬取前十页所有的IP和端口
IPspider(10)

检验IP是否可用，在2s内连接百度

import socket
def IPpool():
    socket.setdefaulttimeout(2)
    reader=csv.reader(open('ips.csv'))
    IPpool=[]
    for row in reader:
        proxy=row[0]+':'+row[1]
        proxy_handler=urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http":proxy})
        opener=urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler)
        urllib2.install_opener(opener)
        try:
            html=urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
            IPpool.append([row[0],row[1]])
        except Exception,e:
            continue
    return IPpool