详解Tomcat系列(一)-从源码分析Tomcat的启动

在整个Tomcat系列文章讲解之前, 我想说的是虽然整个Tomcat体系比较复杂, 但是Tomcat中的代码并不难读, 只要认真花点功夫, 一定能啃下来.
由于篇幅的原因, 很难把Tomcat所有的知识点都放到同一篇文章中, 我将把Tomcat系列文章分为Tomcat的启动, Tomcat中各模块的介绍和Tomcat中的设计模式三部分, 欢迎阅读与关注.

一:通过idea搭建Tomcat源码阅读环境

• 首先我们到Tomcat的官网(http://tomcat.apache.org/)上下载Tomcat的源码, 本文分析的Tomcat版本是Tomcat7.0.94.
• 进入官网后在左边的目录中选择Tomcat7, 然后到页面末尾的源码区进行下载.

• 下载完成后打开idea, 选择File->Open->选择tomcat的源码目录
• 然后到项目配置中设置JDK和源码目录. File->Project Structure->project SDK

• 设置完毕后我们便可以开始愉快的源码阅读之旅了. (eclipse或其他ide搭建环境的思路也是差不多的, 可以摸索一下).

二:startup源码分析

• 当我们初学tomcat的时候, 肯定先要学习怎样启动tomcat. 在tomcat的bin目录下有两个启动tomcat的文件, 一个是startup.bat, 它用于windows环境下启动tomcat; 另一个是startup.sh, 它用于linux环境下tomcat的启动. 两个文件中的逻辑是一样的, 我们只分析其中的startup.bat.
• 下面给出startup.bat的源码

@echo off
rem Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
rem contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
rem this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
rem The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
rem (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
rem the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
rem
rem     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
rem
rem Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
rem distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
rem WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
rem See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
rem limitations under the License.

rem ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
rem Start script for the CATALINA Server
rem ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

setlocal

rem Guess CATALINA_HOME if not defined
set "CURRENT_DIR=%cd%"
if not "%CATALINA_HOME%" == "" goto gotHome
set "CATALINA_HOME=%CURRENT_DIR%"
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat" goto okHome
cd ..
set "CATALINA_HOME=%cd%"
cd "%CURRENT_DIR%"
:gotHome
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat" goto okHome
echo The CATALINA_HOME environment variable is not defined correctly
echo This environment variable is needed to run this program
goto end
:okHome

set "EXECUTABLE=%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat"

rem Check that target executable exists
if exist "%EXECUTABLE%" goto okExec
echo Cannot find "%EXECUTABLE%"
echo This file is needed to run this program
goto end
:okExec

rem Get remaining unshifted command line arguments and save them in the
set CMD_LINE_ARGS=
:setArgs
if ""%1""=="""" goto doneSetArgs
set CMD_LINE_ARGS=%CMD_LINE_ARGS% %1
shift
goto setArgs
:doneSetArgs

call "%EXECUTABLE%" start %CMD_LINE_ARGS%

:end

• .bat文件中@echo是打印指令, 用于控制台输出信息, rem是注释符.
• 跳过开头的注释, 我们来到配置CATALINA_HOME的代码段, 执行startup.bat文件首先会设置CATALINA_HOME.

set "CURRENT_DIR=%cd%"
if not "%CATALINA_HOME%" == "" goto gotHome
set "CATALINA_HOME=%CURRENT_DIR%"
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat" goto okHome
cd ..
set "CATALINA_HOME=%cd%"
cd "%CURRENT_DIR%"
:gotHome
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat" goto okHome
echo The CATALINA_HOME environment variable is not defined correctly
echo This environment variable is needed to run this program
goto end
:okHome

• 先通过set指令把当前目录设置到一个名为CURRENT_DIR的变量中,
• 如果系统中配置过CATALINA_HOME则跳到gotHome代码段. 正常情况下我们的电脑都没有配置CATALINA_HOME, 所以往下执行, 把当前目录设置为CATALINA_HOME.
• 然后判断CATALINA_HOME目录下是否存在catalina.bat文件, 如果存在就跳到okHome代码块.
• 在okHome中, 会把catalina.bat文件的的路径赋给一个叫EXECUTABLE的变量, 然后会进一步判断这个路径是否存在, 存在则跳转到okExec代码块, 不存在的话会在控制台输出一些错误信息.
• 在okExec中, 会把setArgs代码块的返回结果赋值给CMD_LINE_ARGS变量, 这个变量用于存储启动参数.
• setArgs中首先会判断是否有参数, (if ""%1""==""""判断第一个参数是否为空), 如果没有参数则相当于参数项为空. 如果有参数则循环遍历所有的参数(每次拼接第一个参数).
• 最后执行call "%EXECUTABLE%" start %CMD_LINE_ARGS%, 也就是说执行catalina.bat文件, 如果有参数则带上参数.
• 总结: startup.bat文件实际上就做了一件事情: 启动catalina.bat.
• ps: 这样看来, 在windows下启动tomcat未必一定要通过startup.bat, 用catalina.bat start也是可以的.

catalina.bat源码分析

• 为了不让文章看起来太臃肿, 这里就不先把整个文件贴出来了, 我们逐块代码进行分析.
• 跳过开头的注释, 我们来到下面的代码段:

setlocal

rem Suppress Terminate batch job on CTRL+C
if not ""%1"" == ""run"" goto mainEntry
if "%TEMP%" == "" goto mainEntry
if exist "%TEMP%\%~nx0.run" goto mainEntry
echo Y>"%TEMP%\%~nx0.run"
if not exist "%TEMP%\%~nx0.run" goto mainEntry
echo Y>"%TEMP%\%~nx0.Y"
call "%~f0" %* <"%TEMP%\%~nx0.Y"
rem Use provided errorlevel
set RETVAL=%ERRORLEVEL%
del /Q "%TEMP%\%~nx0.Y" >NUL 2>&1
exit /B %RETVAL%
:mainEntry
del /Q "%TEMP%\%~nx0.run" >NUL 2>&1

• 大多情况下我们启动tomcat都没有设置参数, 所以直接跳到mainEntry代码段, 删除了一个临时文件后, 继续往下执行.

rem Guess CATALINA_HOME if not defined
set "CURRENT_DIR=%cd%"
if not "%CATALINA_HOME%" == "" goto gotHome
set "CATALINA_HOME=%CURRENT_DIR%"
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat" goto okHome
cd ..
set "CATALINA_HOME=%cd%"
cd "%CURRENT_DIR%"
:gotHome

if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat" goto okHome
echo The CATALINA_HOME environment variable is not defined correctly
echo This environment variable is needed to run this program
goto end
:okHome

rem Copy CATALINA_BASE from CATALINA_HOME if not defined
if not "%CATALINA_BASE%" == "" goto gotBase
set "CATALINA_BASE=%CATALINA_HOME%"

• 可以看到这段代码与startup.bat中开头的代码相似, 在确定CATALINA_HOME下有catalina.bat后把CATALINA_HOME赋给变量CATALINA_BASE.

rem Get standard environment variables
if not exist "%CATALINA_BASE%\bin\setenv.bat" goto checkSetenvHome
call "%CATALINA_BASE%\bin\setenv.bat"
goto setenvDone
:checkSetenvHome
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\setenv.bat" call "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\setenv.bat"
:setenvDone

rem Get standard Java environment variables
if exist "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\setclasspath.bat" goto okSetclasspath
echo Cannot find "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\setclasspath.bat"
echo This file is needed to run this program
goto end
:okSetclasspath
call "%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\setclasspath.bat" %1
if errorlevel 1 goto end

rem Add on extra jar file to CLASSPATH
rem Note that there are no quotes as we do not want to introduce random
rem quotes into the CLASSPATH
if "%CLASSPATH%" == "" goto emptyClasspath
set "CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;"
:emptyClasspath
set "CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\bootstrap.jar"

• 上面这段代码依次执行了setenv.bat和setclasspath.bat文件, 目的是获得CLASSPATH, 相信会Java的同学应该都会在配置环境变量时都配置过classpath, 系统拿到classpath路径后把它和CATALINA_HOME拼接在一起, 最终定位到一个叫bootstrap.jar的文件. 虽然后面还有很多代码, 但是这里必须暂停提示一下: bootstrap.jar将是我们启动tomcat的环境.
• 接下来从gotTmpdir代码块到noEndorsedVar代码块进行了一些配置, 由于不是主要内容暂且跳过.

echo Using CATALINA_BASE:   "%CATALINA_BASE%"
echo Using CATALINA_HOME:   "%CATALINA_HOME%"
echo Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: "%CATALINA_TMPDIR%"
if ""%1"" == ""debug"" goto use_jdk
echo Using JRE_HOME: