1.根据表的连接方式来划分,包括:
内连接:
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接:
左外连接(左连接)
右外连接(右连接)
2.1内连接之等值连接:最大特点是:条件是等量关系。
SQL99:(常用的)
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
// inner可以省略的,带着inner目的是可读性好一些。
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
inner join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
语法:
...
A
join
B
on
连接条件
where
...
SQL99语法结构更清晰一些:表的连接条件和后来的where条件分离了。
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
+--------+------------+
2.2、内连接之非等值连接:最大的特点是:连接条件中的关系是非等量关系。
案例:找出每个员工的工资等级,要求显示员工名、工资、工资等级。
mysql> select ename,sal from emp; e
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
mysql> select * from salgrade; s
+-------+-------+-------+
| GRADE | LOSAL | HISAL |
+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
select
e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
from
emp e
join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
// inner可以省略
select
e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
from
emp e
inner join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
2.3、自连接:最大的特点是:一张表看做两张表。自己连接自己。
案例:找出每个员工的上级领导,要求显示员工名和对应的领导名。
mysql> select empno,ename,mgr from emp;
emp a 员工表
+-------+--------+------+
| empno | ename | mgr |
+-------+--------+------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 7902 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | 7698 |
| 7521 | WARD | 7698 |
| 7566 | JONES | 7839 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 7698 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 7839 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 7839 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 7566 |
| 7839 | KING | NULL |
| 7844 | TURNER | 7698 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 7788 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 7698 |
| 7902 | FORD | 7566 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 7782 |
+-------+--------+------+
emp b 领导表
+-------+--------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES |
| 7698 | BLAKE |
| 7782 | CLARK |
| 7788 | SCOTT |
| 7839 | KING |
| 7902 | FORD |
+-------+--------+
员工的领导编号 = 领导的员工编号
select
a.ename as '员工名',b.ename as '领导名'
from
emp a
inner join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+--------+
| 员工名 | 领导名 |
+--------+--------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+--------+
3.1、外连接?
什么是外连接,和内连接有什么区别?
内连接:
假设A和B表进行连接,使用内连接的话,凡是A表和B表能够匹配上的记录查询出来,这就是内连接。
AB两张表没有主副之分,两张表是平等的。
外连接:
假设A和B表进行连接,使用外连接的话,AB两张表中有一张表是主表,一张表是副表,主要查询主表中
的数据,捎带着查询副表,当副表中的数据没有和主表中的数据匹配上,副表自动模拟出NULL与之匹配。
外连接的分类?
左外连接(左连接):表示左边的这张表是主表。
右外连接(右连接):表示右边的这张表是主表。
左连接有右连接的写法,右连接也会有对应的左连接的写法。
案例:找出每个员工的上级领导?(所有员工必须全部查询出来。)
emp a 员工表
+-------+--------+------+
| empno | ename | mgr |
+-------+--------+------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 7902 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | 7698 |
| 7521 | WARD | 7698 |
| 7566 | JONES | 7839 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 7698 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 7839 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 7839 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 7566 |
| 7839 | KING | NULL |
| 7844 | TURNER | 7698 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 7788 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 7698 |
| 7902 | FORD | 7566 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 7782 |
+-------+--------+------+
emp b 领导表
+-------+--------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES |
| 7698 | BLAKE |
| 7782 | CLARK |
| 7788 | SCOTT |
| 7839 | KING |
| 7902 | FORD |
+-------+--------+
内连接:
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp a
join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
外连接:(左外连接/左连接)
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp a
left join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
// outer是可以省略的。
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp a
left outer join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
外连接:(右外连接/右连接)
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp b
right join
emp a
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
// outer可以省略。
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp b
right outer join
emp a
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| 员工 | 领导 |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+
外连接最重要的特点是:主表的数据无条件的全部查询出来。
案例:找出哪个部门没有员工?
EMP表
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
DEPT
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
select
d.*
from
emp e
right join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno
where
e.empno is null;
+--------+------------+--------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+--------+
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+--------+