pandas 新手快速入门(上)

一、创建对象

导入模块

import   numpy  as np 
import   pandas as pd 

如果你想连接数据库,大体的方法如下:

  • 导入模块 import pymysql
  • conn = pymysql.connect(host="你的IP",port=端口号,user="用户名",password="用户密码",db="库名",charset="utf8")
  • sql = """ select * from 表名 limit 10; """ 一般数据过多,用limit限制数据库读取的条数
  • datas = pd.read_sql_query(sql, conn)

通过传入一些值的列表创建一个Series(一维的数据),pandas会自动创建一个默认的整数索引:

In [3]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])

In [4]: s
Out[4]: 
0    1.0
1    3.0
2    5.0
3    NaN
4    6.0
5    8.0
dtype: float64

可以通过传递带有日期时间索引和带标签列的NumPy数组来创建DataFrame(二维数据)

In [5]: dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)

In [6]: dates
Out[6]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [7]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))

In [8]: df
Out[8]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

通过传递可以转化为类似Series的dict对象来创建DataFrame:

In [9]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
   ...:                     'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
   ...:                     'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
   ...:                     'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
   ...:                     'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
   ...:                     'F': 'foo'})
   ...: 

In [10]: df2
Out[10]: 
     A          B    C  D      E    F
0  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
1  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo
2  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3   test  foo
3  1.0 2013-01-02  1.0  3  train  foo

DataFrame的列具有不同的数据类型。

In [11]: df2.dtypes
Out[11]: 
A           float64
B    datetime64[ns]
C           float32
D             int32
E          category
F            object
dtype: object

如果你正在使用 IPython, 按下tab键会自动补全所有的列名以及公共属性。下面是可以补全的属性中的一部分:

In [12]: df2.<TAB>  # noqa: E225, E999

df2.A                  df2.bool
df2.abs                df2.boxplot
df2.add                df2.C
df2.add_prefix         df2.clip
df2.add_suffix         df2.clip_lower
df2.align              df2.clip_upper
df2.all                df2.columns
df2.any                df2.combine
df2.append             df2.combine_first
df2.apply              df2.compound
df2.applymap           df2.consolidate
df2.D

如你所见,列A、B、C和D将自动补全,E也存在;为了简洁起见,只显示了一部分属性。

二、查看数据

这里展示的是如何查看DataFrame顶部和尾部的数据:

In [13]: df.head()
Out[13]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

In [14]: df.tail(3)
Out[14]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988

显示索引、列和底层NumPy数据:

In [15]: df.index
Out[15]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
               '2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

In [16]: df.columns
Out[16]: Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')

DataFrame.to_numpy() 会给出一个比较底层的NumPy对象。注意,当你的 DataFrame 有多个列并且每列的数据类型不同时,这个操作是不可行的,这也可以说是Pandas和NumPy之间的根本区别:NumPy的每一个array对象只有一种数据类型,但是Pandas的每一列的数据类型都是相同的(译者注:Pandas不需要像Numpy那样所有元素的类型都相同). 当你调用 DataFrame.to_numpy()时, Pandas会寻找可以涵盖DataFrame中所有元素类型的NumPy数据类型。 这可能最终成为对象,需要将每个值强制转换为Python对象。

对于 df, 对于所有值是浮点数的DataFrame DataFrame.to_numpy() 操作是高效的,并且不会复制数据。

In [17]: df.to_numpy()
Out[17]: 
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
       [ 1.2121, -0.1732,  0.1192, -1.0442],
       [-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949,  1.0718],
       [ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396,  0.2719],
       [-0.425 ,  0.567 ,  0.2762, -1.0874],
       [-0.6737,  0.1136, -1.4784,  0.525 ]])

对于 df2, DataFrame 对象有多种类型, DataFrame.to_numpy() 操作是比较费事的。

In [18]: df2.to_numpy()
Out[18]: 
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
       [1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']], dtype=object)

提醒DataFrame.to_numpy() 的输出不包含行索引和列索引。

describe() 方法显示数据的快速统计摘要:

In [19]: df.describe()
Out[19]: 
              A         B         C         D
count  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000  6.000000
mean   0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std    0.843157  0.922818  0.779887  0.973118
min   -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25%   -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50%    0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75%    0.658444  0.041933 -0.034326  0.461706
max    1.212112  0.567020  0.276232  1.071804

转置数据:

In [20]: df.T
Out[20]: 
   2013-01-01  2013-01-02  2013-01-03  2013-01-04  2013-01-05  2013-01-06
A    0.469112    1.212112   -0.861849    0.721555   -0.424972   -0.673690
B   -0.282863   -0.173215   -2.104569   -0.706771    0.567020    0.113648
C   -1.509059    0.119209   -0.494929   -1.039575    0.276232   -1.478427
D   -1.135632   -1.044236    1.071804    0.271860   -1.087401    0.524988

按轴排序:

In [21]: df.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False)
Out[21]: 
                   D         C         B         A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863  0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236  0.119209 -0.173215  1.212112
2013-01-03  1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04  0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771  0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401  0.276232  0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06  0.524988 -1.478427  0.113648 -0.673690

按值排序:

In [22]: df.sort_values(by='B')
Out[22]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401

三、选择

提醒虽然用于选择和赋值的标准Python / Numpy表达式非常直观,并且便于交互工作,但是对于生产环境的代码,我们推荐优化的Pandas数据访问方法.at、.iat、.loc和.iloc。

获取
选择一个列,产生一个“Series”,相当于“df.A”:

In [23]: df['A']
Out[23]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

通过[ ]选择,对行进行切片:

In [24]: df[0:3]
Out[24]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [25]: df['20130102':'20130104']
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

按标签选择

在 Selection by Label查看更多。

通过标签获取一行数据:

In [26]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[26]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

通过标签在多个轴上选择数据:

In [27]: df.loc[:, ['A', 'B']]
Out[27]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

通过标签同时在两个轴上切片:

In [28]: df.loc['20130102':'20130104', ['A', 'B']]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

减小返回对象的大小:

In [29]: df.loc['20130102', ['A', 'B']]
Out[29]: 
A    1.212112
B   -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64

获取标量值:

In [30]: df.loc[dates[0], 'A']
Out[30]: 0.46911229990718628

快速访问标量(和上面的方法效果相同):

In [31]: df.at[dates[0], 'A']
Out[31]: 0.46911229990718628

按位置选择

在 Selection by Position查看更多

通过传递的整数的位置选择:

In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

通过整数切片,类似于numpy/Python:

In [33]: df.iloc[3:5, 0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

通过传递整数的列表按位置切片,类似于numpy/Python:

In [34]: df.iloc[[1, 2, 4], [0, 2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

整行切片:

In [35]: df.iloc[1:3, :]
Out[35]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

整列切片:

In [36]: df.iloc[:, 1:3]
Out[36]: 
                   B         C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215  0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05  0.567020  0.276232
2013-01-06  0.113648 -1.478427

获取具体值:

In [37]: df.iloc[1, 1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858

快速访问标量(等价于之前的方法):

In [38]: df.iat[1, 1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

布尔索引

使用单个列的值来选择数据:

In [39]: df[df.A > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

从满足布尔条件的DataFrame中选择值:

In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

使用 isin() 方法过滤:

In [41]: df2 = df.copy()

In [42]: df2['E'] = ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'three']

In [43]: df2
Out[43]: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

In [44]: df2[df2['E'].isin(['two', 'four'])]
Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

赋值

添加新列将自动根据索引对齐数据:

In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
index=pd.date_range(‘20130102’, periods=6))

In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

In [47]: df[‘F’] = s1

通过标签赋值:

In [48]: df.at[dates[0], ‘A’] = 0

通过位置赋值:

In [49]: df.iat[0, 1] = 0

使用NumPy数组赋值:

In [50]: df.loc[:, ‘D’] = np.array([5] * len(df))

前面一系列赋值操作的结果:

In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5  5.0
带有where条件的赋值操作:

In [52]: df2 = df.copy()

In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2

In [54]: df2
Out[54]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0

四、缺失值

Pandas主要使用值np.nan来表示缺失的数据。 默认情况下,它不包含在计算中。 在 Missing Data section中查看更多。

重建索引允许你更改/添加/删除指定轴上的索引。 这个操作会返回一个副本(不会更改原来的对象)。

In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])

In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1

In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  NaN

删除任何带有缺失值的行:

In [58]: df1.dropna(how='any')
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0

填充缺失值:

In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]: 
                   A         B         C  D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5  3.0  5.0

获取值为nan的掩码:

In [60]: pd.isna(df1)
Out[60]: 
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True

五、操作

在 Basic section on Binary Ops查看更多。

统计

在一些操作中经常会排除缺失值。

进行描述性统计:

In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

在其它轴(行)上进行同样的操作:

In [62]: df.mean(1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

使用具有不同维度且需要对齐的对象进行操作。 此外,Pandas会自动沿指定维度进行广播。

In [63]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8], index=dates).shift(2)

In [64]: s
Out[64]: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [65]: df.sub(s, axis='index')
Out[65]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

应用(Apply)

将函数应用于数据:

In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]: 
                   A         B         C   D     F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059   5   NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850  10   1.0
2013-01-03  0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779  15   3.0
2013-01-04  1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354  20   6.0
2013-01-05  0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122  25  10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549  30  15.0

In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]: 
A    2.073961
B    2.671590
C    1.785291
D    0.000000
F    4.000000
dtype: float64

直方图化

在 Histogramming and Discretization查看更多。

In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))

In [69]: s
Out[69]: 
0    4
1    2
2    1
3    2
4    6
5    4
6    4
7    6
8    4
9    4
dtype: int64

In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]: 
4    5
6    2
2    2
1    1
dtype: int64

字符串方法

Series在str属性中配备了一组字符串处理方法,可以轻松地对数组的每个元素进行操作,如下面的代码片段所示。 请注意,str中的模式匹配中默认情况下通常使用正则表达式。 请参阅Vectorized String Methods。

In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])

In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

六、合并(Merge)

连接(Concat)

Pandas提供了各种工具,可以轻松地将Series,DataFrame和Panel对象与各种赋值逻辑组合在一起,用于索引和连接/合并类型操作时的关系代数功能。

在 Merging section查看更多。

使用 concat()连接Pandas对象:

I

n [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))
    
    In [74]: df
    Out[74]: 
              0         1         2         3
    0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
    1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
    2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
    3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
    4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
    5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
    6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
    7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
    8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
    9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495


    #break it into pieces
    In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]
    
    In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
    Out[76]: 
              0         1         2         3
    0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
    1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
    2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
    3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
    4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
    5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
    6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
    7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
    8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
    9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

Join

SQL风格的合并。 请参阅数据库风格连接部分。

 In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
    
    In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
    
    In [79]: left
    Out[79]: 
       key  lval
    0  foo     1
    1  foo     2
    
    In [80]: right
    Out[80]: 
       key  rval
    0  foo     4
    1  foo     5
    
    In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
    Out[81]: 
       key  lval  rval
    0  foo     1     4
    1  foo     1     5
    2  foo     2     4
    3  foo     2     5

另一个例子是:

  In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
    
    In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
    
    In [84]: left
    Out[84]: 
       key  lval
    0  foo     1
    1  bar     2
    
    In [85]: right
    Out[85]: 
       key  rval
    0  foo     4
    1  bar     5
    
    In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
    Out[86]: 
       key  lval  rval
    0  foo     1     4
    1  bar     2     5

追加(Append)

给dataframe追加一行。 请参阅 Appending 部分。

 In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
    
    In [88]: df
    Out[88]: 
              A         B         C         D
    0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
    1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
    2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
    3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
    4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
    5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
    6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
    7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
    
    In [89]: s = df.iloc[3]
    
    In [90]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
    Out[90]: 
              A         B         C         D
    0  1.346061  1.511763  1.627081 -0.990582
    1 -0.441652  1.211526  0.268520  0.024580
    2 -1.577585  0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
    3  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
    4 -0.727965 -0.589346  0.339969 -0.693205
    5 -0.339355  0.593616  0.884345  1.591431
    6  0.141809  0.220390  0.435589  0.192451
    7 -0.096701  0.803351  1.715071 -0.708758
    8  1.453749  1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610

分组(Grouping)

我们所说的“group by“是指涉及下列一项或多项步骤的程序:

  • 分割:根据一些标准将数据分解成组

  • 应用:将函数独立地应用于每个组

  • 组合:将结果组合成数据结构

     In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
         ....:                          'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
         ....:                    'B': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
         ....:                          'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
         ....:                    'C': np.random.randn(8),
         ....:                    'D': np.random.randn(8)})
         ....: 
      
      In [92]: df
      Out[92]: 
           A      B         C         D
      0  foo    one -1.202872 -0.055224
      1  bar    one -1.814470  2.395985
      2  foo    two  1.018601  1.552825
      3  bar  three -0.595447  0.166599
      4  foo    two  1.395433  0.047609
      5  bar    two -0.392670 -0.136473
      6  foo    one  0.007207 -0.561757
      7  foo  three  1.928123 -1.623033
    

分组,然后将sum()函数应用于分组结果:

   In [93]: df.groupby('A').sum()
    Out[93]: 
                C        D
    A                     
    bar -2.802588  2.42611
    foo  3.146492 -0.63958

按多列分组形成层次索引,同样,我们可以应用sum函数:

In [94]: df.groupby(['A', 'B']).sum()
Out[94]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one   -1.814470  2.395985
    three -0.595447  0.166599
    two   -0.392670 -0.136473
foo one   -1.195665 -0.616981
    three  1.928123 -1.623033
    two    2.414034  1.600434
  • 0
    点赞
  • 1
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值