Python学习之Part28.包的相对导入和绝对导入

本文详细介绍了Python中的包导入,包括绝对导入和相对导入。通过示例展示了如何在不同场景下使用这两种导入方式,并强调了各自的优缺点。在绝对导入中,我们可以通过在`__init__.py`中指定导入信息来方便地使用包内的所有模块和函数。相对导入则允许包的位置变化而不会影响导入,但可能导致在包内部直接执行时出错。最后,文章提到了开发规范,特别是目录结构和入口文件`start.py`中的导入方式,强调了根据程序执行路径来选择正确的导入路径。
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前言:

已知我们有如下文件结构:
在这里插入图片描述
当我们需要使用policy文件中的get方法时,我们需要使用如下的代码进行导入:

from glance.api import policy   
policy.get()

或者:

from glance.api.policy import get
get()

但是当我们使用如下方式进行调用时,既不能调用:

import glance
glance.api.policy.get()
glance.cmd.manage.main()

会出现如下错误:
在这里插入图片描述
如果我们想做到 import glance 就可以将glance包中的所有模块都全部导入,那么应该如何实现?

1.包的绝对导入

当我

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你可以使用Scikit-learn库的`load_iris()`函数来导入鸢尾花数据集,示例如下: ```python from sklearn.datasets import load_iris # 导入鸢尾花数据集 iris = load_iris() # 查看数据集的描述信息 print(iris.DESCR) # 获取数据集的特征数据和标签数据 X = iris.data y = iris.target # 查看特征数据和标签数据的形状 print('特征数据的形状:', X.shape) print('标签数据的形状:', y.shape) ``` 输出结果如下: ``` .. _iris_dataset: Iris plants dataset -------------------- **Data Set Characteristics:** :Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes) :Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class :Attribute Information: - sepal length in cm - sepal width in cm - petal length in cm - petal width in cm - class: - Iris-Setosa - Iris-Versicolour - Iris-Virginica :Summary Statistics: ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ==================== Min Max Mean SD Class Correlation ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ==================== sepal length: 4.3 7.9 5.84 0.83 0.7826 sepal width: 2.0 4.4 3.05 0.43 -0.4194 petal length: 1.0 6.9 3.76 1.76 0.9490 (high!) petal width: 0.1 2.5 1.20 0.76 0.9565 (high!) :Missing Attribute Values: None :Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes. :Creator: R.A. Fisher :Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov) :Date: July, 1988 The famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken from Fisher's paper. Note that it's the same as in R, but not as in the UCI Machine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points. This is perhaps the best known database to be found in the pattern recognition literature. Fisher's paper is a classic in the field and is referenced frequently to this day. (See Duda & Hart, for example.) The data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a type of iris plant. One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the latter are NOT linearly separable from each other. .. topic:: References - Fisher, R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems" Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950). - Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22361-1. See page 218. - Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed Environments". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71. - Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433. - See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64. Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data. 特征数据的形状: (150, 4) 标签数据的形状: (150,) ``` 其,`iris.data`为特征数据,`iris.target`为标签数据。
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