第5章 循环和关系表达式

5.1 for循环

程序清单5.1 forloop.cpp

// forloop.cpp  -- introducing the for loop
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int i;		// create a counter
	for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
		cout << "C++ knows loops.\n";
	cout << "C++ knows when to stop.\n";
	return 0; 
}

C++ knows loops.
C++ knows loops.
C++ knows loops.
C++ knows loops.
C++ knows loops.
C++ knows when to stop.

5.1.1 for循环的组成部分
1、设置初始值
2、执行测试，看看循环是否应当继续进行
3、执行循环操作
4、更新用于测试的值

程序清单5.2 num_test.cpp

// num_test.cpp --use numeric test in for loop
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "Enter the starting coutdown calue: ";
	int limit;
	cin >> limit;
	int i;
	for (i = limit; i; i--)		// quits when i is 0
		cout << " i = " << i << endl;
	cout << "Done now that i = " << i << endl;
	return 0; 
 } 

Enter the starting coutdown calue: 4
 i = 4
 i = 3
 i = 2
 i = 1
Done now that i = 0

1、表达式和语句
程序清单5.3 express.cpp

// express.cpp -- values of expressions
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int x;
	
	cout << "The expression x = 100 has the value ";
	cout << (x = 100) << endl;
	cout << "Now x = " << x << endl;
	cout << "The expression x < 3 has the value ";
	cout << (x < 3) << endl;
	cout << "The expression x > 3 has the value ";
	cout << (x > 3) << endl;	
	cout.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);		
	cout << "The expression x < 3 has the value ";
	cout << (x < 3) << endl;
	cout << "The expression x > 3 has the value ";
	cout << (x > 3) << endl;
	return 0;
 } 

The expression x = 100 has the value 100
Now x = 100
The expression x < 3 has the value 0
The expression x > 3 has the value 1
The expression x < 3 has the value false
The expression x > 3 has the value true

5.1.2 回到for循环
程序清单5.4 formore.cpp

// formore.cpp
#include<iostream>
const int ArSize = 16;		// example of external declaration
int main()
{
	long long factorials[ArSize];
	factorials[1] = factorials[0] = 1LL;
	for (int i = 2; i < ArSize; i++)
		factorials[i] = i * factorials[i-1];
	for(int i = 0; i < ArSize; i++)
		std::cout << i << ": = " << factorials[i] << std::endl;
	return 0; 
 } 

0: = 1
1: = 1
2: = 2
3: = 6
4: = 24
5: = 120
6: = 720
7: = 5040
8: = 40320
9: = 362880
10: = 3628800
11: = 39916800
12: = 479001600
13: = 6227020800
14: = 87178291200
15: = 1307674368000

5.1.3 修改步长
程序清单5.5 bigstep.cpp

// bigstep.cpp --cout as directed
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "Enter an integer: ";
	int by;
	cin >> by;
	cout << "Counting by " << by << "s:\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < 100; i = i + by)
		cout << i << endl;
	return 0;
 } 

Enter an integer: 17
Counting by 17s:
0
17
34
51
68
85

5.1.4 使用for循环访问字符串
程序清单5.6 forstr1.cpp

// forstr1.cpp -- using for with a string
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "Enter a word: ";
	string word;
	cin >> word;
	// display letters in reverse order
	for (int i = word.size() - 1; i>=0; i--)
		cout << word[i];
	cout << "\nBye.\n";
	return 0; 
 } 

Enter a word: animal
lamina
Bye.

5.1.5 递增运算符（++）和递减运算符（–）
程序清单5.7 plus_one.cpp

// plus_one.cpp -- the increment operator
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int a = 20;
	int b = 20;
	cout << "a = " << a << ":  b = " << b << "\n";
	cout <<"a++ = " << a++ << ": ++b = " << ++b << endl;
	cout << "a  = " << a << ": b = " << b << endl;
	return 0;
 } 

a = 20:  b = 20
a++ = 20: ++b = 21
a  = 21: b = 21

5.1.6 副作用和顺序点
副作用（side effect)：在计算表达式时对某些动议（如存储在变量中的值）进行了修改
顺序点（sequence point): 程序执行过程中的一个点

5.1.7 前缀格式和后缀格式
最终效果相同

5.1.8 递增/递减运算符和指针

double arr[5] = {11, 22, 33, 44, 55};
double *pt = arr;		//pt points to arr[0], i.e. to 21.1
++pt;					//pt points to arr[1], i.e. to 32.8
double x = *++pt;		//increment pointer, take the value: i.e., arr[2], or 23.4
++*pt;					//increment the pointed to value: i.e., change 22 to 23
x = *pt++;				//dereference original location, then increment poiniter 

5.1.9 组合赋值运算符

pa += 2;				// ok, pa points to the former pa[2] 
*(pa + 4) += 7;			// ok, pa[4] set to pa[4] + 7 

5.1.10 复合语句（语句块)
程序清单 5.8 block.cpp

// block.cpp -- use a block statement
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "The Amazing Accounto will sum and average ";
	cout << "five numbers for you.\n";
	cout << "Please enter five values:\n";
	double number;
	double sum = 0.0;
	for (int i =1; i <= 5; i++)
	{
		cout << "Value " << i << ": ";
		cin >> number;
		sum += number;
	}
	cout << "Five exquisite choice indeed: ";
	cout << "They sum to " << sum << endl;
	cout << "and average to " << sum / 5 << ".\n";
	cout << "The Amazing Accounto bids you adieu:\n";
	return 0; 
}

The Amazing Accounto will sum and average five numbers for you.
Please enter five values:
Value 1: 1
Value 2: 2
Value 3: 3
Value 4: 4
Value 5: 5
Five exquisite choice indeed: They sum to 15
and average to 3.
The Amazing Accounto bids you adieu:

程序清单5.9 forstr2

// forstr2.cpp --reversing an array
#include <iostream>
#include<string>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "Enter a word: ";
	string word;
	cin >> word;
	// physically modify string object
	char temp;
	int i,j;
	for (j=0, i=word.size() - 1; j < i; --i, ++j)
	{				// start block
		temp = word[i];
		word[i] = word[j];
		word[j] = temp;
	}				// end block
	cout << word << "\nDone\n";
	return 0;
 } 

Enter a word: bing
gnib
Done

5.1.13 赋值、比较和可能犯的错误
程序清单 5.10 equal.cpp

//equal.cpp --equality vs assignment
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int quizscores[10] = 
		{20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 19, 28, 20};
	
	cout << "Doing it right:\n";
	int i;
	for (i=0; quizscores[i] == 20; i++)
		cout << "quiz " << i << " is a 20\n";
	return 0;
}

Doing it right:
quiz 0 is a 20
quiz 1 is a 20
quiz 2 is a 20
quiz 3 is a 20
quiz 4 is a 20
quiz 5 is a 20
quiz 6 is a 20

程序清单 5.11 compstr1.cpp

// compstr1.cpp --comparing strings using arrays
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>	// prototype for strcmp()
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char word[5] = "?ate";
	for (char ch = 'a'; strcmp(word, "mate"); ch++)
	{
		cout << word << endl;
		word[0] = ch;
	}
	cout << "After loop ends, word is " << word << endl;
	return 0;
}

?ate
aate
bate
cate
date
eate
fate
gate
hate
iate
jate
kate
late
After loop ends, word is mate

5.1.15 比较string类字符串
程序清单 5.12 compstr2.cpp

// compstr2.cpp --comparing strings using arrays
#include<iostream>
#include<string>	// string class
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	string word = "?ate";
	for (char ch = 'a'; word != "mate"; ch++)
	{
		cout << word << endl;
		word[0] = ch;
	}
	cout << "After loop ends, word is " << word << endl;
	return 0;
 } 

?ate
aate
bate
cate
date
eate
fate
gate
hate
iate
jate
kate
late
After loop ends, word is mate

5.2 while循环

程序清单 5.13 while.cpp

// while.cpp --introducing the while loop
#include<iostream>
const int ArSize = 20;
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char name[ArSize];
	cout << "Your first name, please: ";
	cin >> name;
	cout << "Here is your name, verticalized and ASCIIized:\n";
	int i = 0;					// start at beginning of string
	while (name[i] != '\0') 	// process to end of string
	{
		cout << name[i] << ": " << int(name[i]) << endl;
		i++;					// don't forget this step 
	 } 
	 return 0;
 } 

Your first name, please: bing
Here is your name, verticalized and ASCIIized:
b: 98
i: 105
n: 110
g: 103

5.3 do while循环

程序清单 5.15 dowhile.cpp

// dowhile.cpp -- exit-condition loop
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int n;
	
	cout << "Enter numbers in the range 1-10 to find ";
	cout << "my favorite number\n";
	do
	{
		cin >> n;		// executre body 
	} while (n!=7);		// then test
	cout << "Yes, 7 is my favorite.\n";
	return 0; 
 } 

Enter numbers in the range 1-10 to find my favorite number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Yes, 7 is my favorite.

5.5 循环和文本输入

cin将忽略空格和换行符
程序清单5.16 textin1.cpp

// textin1.cpp --reading chars with a while loop
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char ch;
	int count = 0;		// use basic input
	cout << "Enter characters; enter # to quit:\n";
	cin >> ch;
	while (ch!='#') 	// test the character
	{
		cout << ch;		// echo the character
		++count;		// count the chracter
		cin >> ch;		// get the next character 
	 } 
	 cout << endl << count << " characters read\n";
	 return 0;
 } 

Enter characters; enter # to quit:
bing want # to go
bingwant
8 characters read

cin.get(char)会检查每个字符，包括空格、制表符和换行符
程序清单 5.17 textin2.cpp

// textin2.cpp -- using cin.get(char)
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char ch;
	int count = 0;
	
	cout << "Enter characters: enter # to quit:\n";
	cin.get(ch);	
	while(ch != '#')
	{
		cout << ch;
		++count;
		cin.get(ch);
	 } 
	 cout << endl << count << " character read\n";
	 return 0;
 } 

Enter characters: enter # to quit:
bing want #to go
bing want
10 character read

5.5.4 文件尾条件
程序清单 5.18 textin3.cpp

// textin3.cpp --reading chars to end of file
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char ch;
	int count = 0;
	cin.get(ch);		// attempt to read a char
	while (cin.fail() == false) 	// test for EOF
	{
		cout << ch;		// echo character
		++count;
		cin.get(ch);	// attempt to read another char 
	 } 
	 cout << endl << count << " characters read\n";
	 return 0; 
 } 

bing want to go
bing want to go
^Z

16 characters read

5.5.5 另一个cin.get()版本

//textin4.cpp --reading chars with cin..get()
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int ch;
	int count = 0;
	while ((ch = cin.get()) != EOF)	// test for end-of-file
	{
		cout.put(char(ch));
		++count;
	 } 
	 cout << endl << count << " character read\n";
	 return 0;
 } 

bing want to go
bing want to go
^Z

16 character read

5.6 嵌套循环和二维数组

// nested.cpp -- nested loops and 2-D array
#include<iostream>
const int Cities = 5;
const int Years = 4;
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	const char * cities[Cities] = 	// array of pointers
	{
		"Beijing",
		"Chengdu",
		"Shanghai",
		"ShenZhen",
		"GuangZhou"
	 } ;
	 int maxtemps[Years][Cities] = 	//2-D array
	 {
	 	{96, 100, 87, 101, 105},
		{96, 98, 91, 107, 104},
		{97, 101, 93, 108, 107},
		{98, 103, 95, 107, 107}
	 };
	 
	 cout << "Maximum temperatures for 2008 - 2011\n\n";
	 for (int city = 0; city < Cities; ++city)
	 {
	 	cout << cities[city] << ":\t";
	 	for (int year = 0; year < Years; ++year)
			cout << maxtemps[year][city] << "\t";
		cout << endl;
	 }
	 return 0;
 } 

Maximum temperatures for 2008 - 2011

Beijing:        96      96      97      98
Chengdu:        100     98      101     103
Shanghai:       87      91      93      95
ShenZhen:       101     107     108     107
GuangZhou:      105     104     107     107