Mysql基础-视图的讲解（四）

一、概述

视图：MySQL从5.0.1版本开始提供视图功能。一种虚拟 
存在的表，行和列的数据来自定义视图的查询中使用的表 
，并且是在使用视图时动态生成的，只保存了sql逻辑，不 
保存查询结果

概念：视图保存了对基本表或其他视图的查询定义，其运行结果来源于对基表的查询数据集的引用。用户可以像对基本表一样对待视图，可以插入、删除、更新其中的数据，并将更改的结果永久地保存在磁盘上的基本表。
优点：简化用户操作、灵活定制数据、重构逻辑数据、提供安全保护。

/*
含义：虚拟表，和普通表一样使用
mysql5.1版本出现的新特性，是通过表动态生成的数据







比如：舞蹈班和普通班级的对比

		创建语法的关键字	是否实际占用物理空间	使用
视图		create view		只是保存了sql逻辑		增删改查，只是一般不能增删改
表		create table	保存了数据			增删改查

	  		

二、示例

#引入
#案例：查询姓张的学生名和专业名
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`;

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';





#一、创建视图
/*
语法：
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;

*/
USE myemployees;

#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS

SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id  = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id  = e.job_id;


#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%b%';





#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别

#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#②使用
SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;



#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资

CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;


SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;




#二、视图的修改

#方式一：
/*
create or replace view  视图名
as
查询语句;

*/
SELECT * FROM myv3 

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

#方式二：
/*
语法：
alter view 视图名
as 
查询语句;

*/
ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

#三、删除视图

/*

语法：drop view 视图名,视图名,...;
*/

DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;


#四、查看视图

DESC myv3;

SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;


#五、视图的更新
引入
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;


SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;
#1.插入

INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');

#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';

#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

#具备以下特点的视图不允许更新


#①包含以下关键字的sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group  by、having、union或者union all

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;

#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS

SELECT 'john' NAME;

SELECT * FROM myv2;

#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';





#③Select中包含子查询

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS

SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;

#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;


#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id  = d.department_id;

#更新

SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name  = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');



#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS

SELECT * FROM myv3;

#更新

SELECT * FROM myv5;

UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;



#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS

SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
	SELECT  manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';