1. new 关键字
可以随意的调用构造器
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person();
Person person2 = new Person("name");
}
}
2. 反射机制(Class.forName(“完整类名”))
优点:使用灵活,可以不修改代码,通过修改配置文件来任意的创建对象
如果只希望一个类的静态代码执行,其他代码不执行,就可使用反射机制
例:Class.forName(“com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver”);
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<Person> clazz = (Class<Person>) Class.forName("Person");
Person person = clazz.newInstance();
System.out.println(person);
}
}
注:使用newInstance创建类时,被创建的类中必须存在无参构造否则会报错
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.InstantiationException: Person
at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:427)
at Main.main(Main.java:9)
Caused by: java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: Person.<init>()
at java.lang.Class.getConstructor0(Class.java:3082)
at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:412)
... 1 more
3.Constructors.Instance()
比Class.forName()的功能更加强大,可以使用它调用一些私有的构造方法,而不仅仅限制于public
3.1 getDeclaredConstructors()
代码:
public class Person {
String name;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Constructor<?>[] constructors = Person.class.getDeclaredConstructors();
System.out.println(constructors[0]);
System.out.println(constructors[1]);
Person person = (Person) constructors[0].newInstance();
System.out.println(person);
Person person1 = (Person) constructors[1].newInstance("111");
System.out.println(person1);
}
}
执行结果:
public Person()
public Person(java.lang.String)
Person{name='null'}
Person{name='111'}
注:constructors数组中构造参数的下标取决与被创建类中构造方法的前后顺序
3.2 getConstructors()
此方法只能得到public的构造方法,得到的只能是getDeclaredConstructors()结果的子集
代码:
public class Person {
String name;
public Person() {
}
private Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Constructor<?>[] constructors = Person.class.getDeclaredConstructors();
Constructor<?>[] constructors1 = Person.class.getConstructors();
System.out.println(constructors.length);
System.out.println(constructors[0]);
System.out.println(constructors[1]);
System.out.println(constructors1.length);
System.out.println(constructors1[0]);
}
}
执行结果:
2
public Person()
private Person(java.lang.String)
1
public Person()
4. Clone
若想使用此方法,则必须实现Cloneable接口并重写其中的clone方法,clone()方法是浅拷贝,不会调用构造方法,只会将被拷贝的类中的属性的地址引用到新的类中
public class People implements Cloneable {
public People() {
System.out.println("我被调用了");
}
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
People people = new People();
People clone = (People) people.clone();
System.out.println(people.equals(clone));
}
}
执行结果:
我被调用了
false
值得注意的是:
java.lang.Cloneable 是一个标示性接口,不包含任何方法。
clone ()方法在 Object 类中定义的一个Native方法:
protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;
5. 反序列化
每当我们序列化和反序列化一个对象的时候,JVM就会为我们创建一个单独的对象。在反序列化中,JVM不适用任何构造函数来创建对象。要反序列化对象,我们需要在类中实现Serializable接口。
代码:
package com.junjie.test3;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Objects;
public class Employee implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private String name;
public Employee() {
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (obj == null || getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
Employee employee = (Employee) obj;
return Objects.equals(name, employee.name);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("Employee{name='%s'}", name);
}
}
package com.junjie.test3;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
public class ObjectCreation {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Employee employee = new Employee();
//5、Serializable(序列化)
try (ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("data.obj"))) {
out.writeObject(employee);
}
//6、Using Deserailizable(反序列化)
Employee employee5;
try (ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("data.obj"))) {
employee5 = (Employee) in.readObject();
employee5.setName("employee5");
}
System.out.println(employee5.getName());
}
}
深拷贝和浅拷贝
上述我们看到的clone方法实现的是浅拷贝,如果想要实现深拷贝,那就需要重写clone方法,在其中实现对引用类型变量实现拷贝,但是太过于繁琐。
而反序列化则可以简洁的实现深拷贝,因为反序列化出来的对象都是全新的。
具体可以参考下边的一篇博文:
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41979002/article/details/119798197