更改表字段名，字段类型的SQL语句

新建一张表：

postgres=# create table t1(id int,name varchar(32));
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# insert into t1 values(1,'zth');
INSERT 0 1

添加字段：

postgres=# alter table t1 add column address varchar(32);
ALTER TABLE

给新添加的字段增加约束：
先要给已有的记录设置默认值

postgres=# update t1 set address ='';      
UPDATE 1
postgres=# alter table t1 alter column address set not null;
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d t1;
                       Table "schema01.t1"
 Column  |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id      | character(4)          |           |          | 
 name    | character varying(32) |           |          | 
 address | character varying(32) |           | not null | 

更改表字段类型：

postgres=# alter table t1 alter column address type varchar(38);
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d t1;
                       Table "schema01.t1"
 Column  |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id      | integer               |           |          | 
 name    | character varying(32) |           |          | 
 address | character varying(38) |           |          | 

postgres=# alter table t1 alter column name type varchar(38);       
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d t1;
                       Table "schema01.t1"
 Column  |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id      | integer               |           |          | 
 name    | character varying(38) |           |          | 
 address | character varying(38) |           |          | 

postgres=# alter table t1 alter column id type char(4);         
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d t1;
                       Table "schema01.t1"
 Column  |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id      | character(4)          |           |          | 
 name    | character varying(38) |           |          | 
 address | character varying(38) |           |          | 

更改表字段名：

  postgres=# alter table t1 rename column id to user_id;
    ALTER TABLE

postgres=# \d t1;
                       Table "schema01.t1"
 Column  |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 user_id  | character(4)         |           |          | 
 name    | character varying(38) |           |          | 
 address | character varying(38) |           | not null |