一文学会Aiohttp

一、什么是aiohttp库

aiohttp库官网：https://docs.aiohttp.org/en/stable/

        aiohttp是一个Python的HTTP客户端/服务器框架，它基于asyncio库实现异步编程模型，可以支持高性能和高并发的HTTP通信。aiohttp用于编写异步的Web服务器、Web应用程序或HTTP客户端，以提供对Web和HTTP资源的访问和操作。

        在aiohttp中，HTTP客户端提供了一种发送HTTP请求和处理响应的异步方式，而HTTP服务器则提供了一种异步处理HTTP请求和响应的方式。在使用aiohttp编写Web应用程序时，我们可以选择使用内置的路由器和视图功能来处理HTTP请求，并使用异步模板引擎来渲染HTML页面。

        aiohttp支持WebSocket协议，使得我们可以轻松地在应用程序中实现实时通信和数据推送。aiohttp的API设计简单、易用，与Python开发者熟悉的asyncio风格一致。因此，即使没有使用过aiohttp也可以较快上手。 aipyhttp适用于那些需要高性能、高吞吐量、高并发的Python网络应用场景，如实时聊天、在线游戏、大数据分析等。

二、如何安装aiohttp

pip install aiohttp

import aiohttp

async def main():
    headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.3'}

    timeout = aiohttp.ClientTimeout(total=10) # 设置总超时时间为10秒

    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(headers=headers, timeout=timeout) as session:
        async with session.get('https://www.example.com/') as response:
            html = await response.text()
            print(html)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    asyncio.run(main())

三、请求和相应

1、post请求

服务器端代码

from aiohttp import web

async def handle(request):
    data = await request.post()
    name = data.get('name', "Anonymous")
    age = data.get('age', "Unknown")
    text = f"Hello, {name}, you're {age} years old."
    return web.Response(text=text)

app = web.Application()
app.add_routes([web.get('/', handle),
                web.post('/', handle)])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    web.run_app(app)

客户端代码

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def post_data(session, url):
    data = {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}
    async with session.post(url, data=data) as response:
        return await response.text()

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        html = await post_data(session, 'http://localhost:8080/')
        print(html)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

2、get请求

服务器端代码

from aiohttp import web

async def handle(request):
    name = request.match_info.get('name', "Anonymous")
    text = f"Hello, {name}"
    return web.Response(text=text)

app = web.Application()
app.add_routes([web.get('/', handle),
                web.get('/{name}', handle)])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    web.run_app(app)

客户端代码

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def fetch(session, url):
    async with session.get(url) as response:
        return await response.text()

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        html = await fetch(session, 'http://localhost:8080/John')
        print(html)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

3、获取响应内容

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def fetch(session, url):
    async with session.get(url) as response:
        # 获取状态码
        status = response.status
        
        # 获取响应头
        headers = response.headers
        
        # 以文本形式获取响应正文
        text = await response.text()
        
        # 以字节形式获取响应正文
        content = await response.read()
        
        return status, headers, text, content

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        status, headers, text, content = await fetch(session, 'https://www.example.com')
        print(status)
        print(headers)
        print(text)
        print(content)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

四、Cookies和Session

from aiohttp import web

async def handle(request):
    session = await request.session()
    count = session.get('count', 0)
    count += 1
    session['count'] = count
    text = f"Visited {count} times."
    return web.Response(text=text)

app = web.Application()
app.add_routes([web.get('/', handle)])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    web.run_app(app)

启用服务起session功能

rom aiohttp import web

async def handle(request):
    session = await request.session()
    count = session.get('count', 0)
    count += 1
    session['count'] = count
    text = f"Visited {count} times."
    return web.Response(text=text)

app = web.Application()
app.add_routes([web.get('/', handle)])
app.cleanup_ctx.append(lambda app: setup_session(app))

async def setup_session(app):
    app['session'] = await aiohttp_session.setup(
        app, aiohttp_session.SimpleCookieStorage())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    web.run_app(app)

五、异步处理

1、协程

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def fetch(session, url):
    async with session.get(url) as response:
        return await response.text()

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        html = await fetch(session, 'https://www.example.com')
        print(html)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

2、回调函数

import aiohttp
import asyncio

def handle_response(response):
    print(response.status)
    asyncio.get_event_loop().stop()

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        url = 'https://www.example.com'
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            response.add_done_callback(handle_response)
            await asyncio.sleep(1)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

六、SSL认证

1、启动ssl认证

import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get('https://www.example.com') as response:
            print(await response.text())

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

2、使用自签名SSL证书的aiohttp示例

import aiohttp
import asyncio
import ssl

async def main():

    ssl_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
    ssl_context.load_verify_locations('/path/to/cert.pem')

    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get('https://www.example.com', ssl=ssl_context) as response:
            print(await response.text())

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

七、 WebSockets

        WebSocket是一种协议，用于在客户端和服务器之间进行实时双向通信。它允许数据在客户端和服务器之间以全双工方式流动，并且不需要使用HTTP请求/响应周期来发送数据。

        WebSocket通过在客户端和服务器之间建立持久连接来实现实时通信。这个连接是基于TCP协议的，但是与HTTP请求/响应不同，它只需要一个握手过程，就可以在客户端和服务器之间创建长期的连接

# 使用aiohttp实现WebSocket
import aiohttp
import asyncio

async def websocket_handler(request):

    ws = aiohttp.web.WebSocketResponse()
    await ws.prepare(request)

    async for msg in ws:
        if msg.type == aiohttp.WSMsgType.TEXT:
            await ws.send_str('Hello, ' + msg.data)
        elif msg.type == aiohttp.WSMsgType.ERROR:
            break

    return ws

app = aiohttp.web.Application()
app.add_routes([aiohttp.web.get('/', websocket_handler)])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    aiohttp.web.run_app(app)