php 元组,python元组与字典的详细介绍

一、元组

1.元组的表达(1,2,3,4)

('olive',123)

("python",)

创建元组：a=tuple((1,2,3,))

b=("python",)

2.元组功能属性class tuple(object):

"""

tuple() -> empty tuple

tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

"""

def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """

return 0

def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""

T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.

Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

"""

return 0

def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self+value. """

pass

def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return key in self. """

pass

def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self==value. """

pass

def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return getattr(self, name). """

pass

def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self[key]. """

pass

def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

pass

def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self>=value. """

pass

def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self>value. """

pass

def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return hash(self). """

pass

def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__

"""

tuple() -> empty tuple

tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

# (copied from class doc)

"""

pass

def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Implement iter(self). """

pass

def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return len(self). """

pass

def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self<=value. """

pass

def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self

pass

def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self*value.n """

pass

@staticmethod # known case of __new__

def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """

pass

def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self!=value. """

pass

def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return repr(self). """

pass

def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self*value. """

pass

tuple

3.元组的部分功能属性介绍

元组和列表有很大相似性，但是元组的元素是不可修改的，所以很多列表有的功能元组都没有。

1)count(self, value):

统计元组中包含value元素的数量，返回一个int值。a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,)

b=a.count(1)

print(a,type(a))

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2)

3

demo

2)index(self, value, start=None, stop=None):

索引，查找元组中value元素第一个出现的位置，start与stop参数是查找起始与结束位置，默认为None，返回int数值，如果查找中不包含这个元素，则返回ValueError: 'f' is not in tuple报错。a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,)

b=a.index(3)

print(a,len(a))

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) 9

2

demo

3)add(self, *args, **kwargs):

给元组添加一个新的元素，添加的新元素需要以元组的形式添加，生成一个新的元组。a=(1,2,3,4)

b=a.__add__((5,1)) #括号理给出的必须是元组

print(a,type(a))

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

(1, 2, 3, 4)

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1)

demo

4)contains(self, *args, **kwargs):

判断元组中是否包含某个元素，返回布尔值。a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,)

b=a.__contains__(2)

c=a.__contains__(5)

print(a)

print(b)

print(c)

#运行结果

(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2)

True

False

demo

二、字典

1.字典的表达{"name":"olive","age":18}

创建字典：a={"name":"olive","age":18}

b=dict({"name":"lusi","age":18})

2.字典功能属性class dict(object):

"""

dict() -> new empty dictionary

dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's

(key, value) pairs

dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:

d = {}

for k, v in iterable:

d[k] = v

dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs

in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)

"""

def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """

pass

def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """

pass

@staticmethod # known case

def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """

pass

def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """

pass

def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """

pass

def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """

pass

def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""

D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.

If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised

"""

pass

def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

"""

D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a

2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

"""

pass

def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """

pass

def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update

"""

D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.

If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]

If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v

In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]

"""

pass

def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """

pass

def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" True if D has a key k, else False. """

pass

def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Delete self[key]. """

pass

def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self==value. """

pass

def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return getattr(self, name). """

pass

def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """

pass

def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self>=value. """

pass

def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self>value. """

pass

def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__

"""

dict() -> new empty dictionary

dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's

(key, value) pairs

dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:

d = {}

for k, v in iterable:

d[k] = v

dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs

in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)

# (copied from class doc)

"""

pass

def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Implement iter(self). """

pass

def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return len(self). """

pass

def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self<=value. """

pass

def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self

pass

@staticmethod # known case of __new__

def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """

pass

def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return self!=value. """

pass

def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return repr(self). """

pass

def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Set self[key] to value. """

pass

def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

""" D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """

pass

__hash__ = None

dict

3.字典的部分功能属性介绍

1)clear(self):

清除字典中的所有元素。a={"name":"olive","age":18}

b=a.clear()

print(a)

print(b)

#运行结果

{}

None

2)copy(self):

复制一份元组，相当于一次浅拷贝。a={"name": "olive","age":18}

b=a.copy()

print(a,id(a),id("name"))

print(b,id(b),id("name"))

#赋值

c={"name": "lusi","age":18}

d=c

print(c,id("name"))

print(d,id("name"))

#浅拷贝

e={"name": "shy","age":18}

f=copy.copy(e)

print(e,id(e),id("name"))

print(f,id(f),id("name"))

#运行结果

{'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915224 2019840

{'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915304 2019840

{'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840

{'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840

{'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5584616 2019840

{'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5586056 2019840

3)fromkeys(*args, **kwargs):【fromkeys(seq,value=None)】

创建一个新的字典，以seq为字典的keys(键)，value为字典的值，默认为None。适合创建一个一样值的字典。a={"hunan": "changsha","guangdong":"guangzhou","jiangsu":"nanjing",'hubei':"wuhan"}

b=dict.fromkeys(a,"good")

c=dict.fromkeys(["a","b","c"],"abc")

d=dict.fromkeys("abcc")

print(a)

print(b)

print(c)

print(d)

#运行结果

{'guangdong': 'guangzhou', 'hubei': 'wuhan', 'hunan': 'changsha', 'jiangsu': 'nanjing'}

{'hubei': 'good', 'guangdong': 'good', 'hunan': 'good', 'jiangsu': 'good'}

{'c': 'abc', 'b': 'abc', 'a': 'abc'}

{'c': None, 'b': None, 'a': None} #seq给出的字符串c是重复的，但是创建的键只取一个。

4)get(self, k, d=None):

获取字典中键为k的值，如果字典中不包含k，则给出d值，d默认为None。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.get("a")

c=a.get("e")

d=a.get("e",5)

print(a)

print(b)

print(c)

print(d)

#运行结果

{'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}

1

None

5

5)items(self):

遍历字典的一个方法，把字典中每对key和value组成一个元组，并把这些元组放在一个类似列表的dict_items中返回。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.items()

print(a)

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

{'d': 4, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'b': 2}

dict_items([('d', 4), ('c', 3), ('a', 1), ('b', 2)])

6)keys(self):

遍历字典键keys的一个方法，返回一个类似列表的dict_keys，与items方法用法相同。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.keys()

print(a)

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

{'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}

dict_keys(['b', 'a', 'c', 'd'])

7)values(self):

遍历字典值value的一个方法，返回一个类似列表的dict_values，与items方法用法相同。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.values()

print(a)

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

{'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1}

dict_values([3, 4, 2, 1])

8)pop(self, k, d=None):

和get方法用法相似，只不过，get是获取字典中键为k的值，而pop是取出字典中键为k的值。当字典中不含键k时，d不是默认值时，取到的值就为d值，如果d为默认值None时，则KeyError报错。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.pop("a")

c=a.pop("e","five")

print(a)

print(b,type(b))

print(c,type(c))

#运行结果

{'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2}

1

five

9)popitem(self):

从字典中随机取出一组键值，返回一个新的元组。如果字典中无键值可取，则KeyError报错。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.popitem()

print(a)

print(b,type(b))

#运行结果

{'d': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1}

('c', 3)

10)setdefault(self, k, d=None):

从字典中获取键为k的值，当字典中包含键k值时，功能和get基本一致，当字典中不包含键k值时，在原字典上添加上键为k的初始键值对，并返回值d。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.setdefault("a")

c=a.setdefault("e")

d=a.setdefault("f",6)

print(a)

print(b)

print(c)

print(d)

#运行结果

{'f': 6, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'e': None, 'b': 2, 'd': 4}

1

None

6

11)update(self, E=None, **F):

给字典新增元素，没有返回值。用法：dict.update(dict2)。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.update({"e":5})

print(a)

print(b)

#运行结果

{'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4, 'a': 1, 'e': 5}

None

12)contains(self, *args, **kwargs):

判断列表中是否包含某个键值对，返回布尔值。用法：dict.contains(keys)。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.__contains__("a")

print(a)

print(b)

#运行结果

{'a': 1, 'd': 4, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}

True

13)delitem(self, *args, **kwargs):

删除字典中的某个键值对，没有返回值。用法：dict.delitem(keys)。a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}

b=a.__delitem__("a")

print(a)

print(b)

#运行结果

{'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4}

None