以下是使用蜂群算法优化ELman神经网络的MATLAB程序：
```matlab
% 蜂群算法优化ELman神经网络
% 初始化
clear
clc
global train_input train_target test_input test_target N I H K
load Data.mat % 加载数据
train_input = Data.train_input;
train_target = Data.train_target;
test_input = Data.test_input;
test_target = Data.test_target;
N = size(train_input, 2); % 样本数
I = size(train_input, 1); % 输入层节点数
H = 10; % 隐层节点数
K = 1; % 输出层节点数
Foods = 30; % 食物数量
Limit = 100; % 迭代次数
Range = 10; % 搜索范围
SP = 0.6; % 固定搜索概率
SN = 5; % 邻域搜索次数
FoodPosition = zeros(Foods, H * (I + H + K) + K); % 食物位置
FoodSource = zeros(Foods, 1); % 食物源
GlobalMin = realmax; % 全局最优解
GlobalParams = zeros(1, H * (I + H + K) + K); % 全局最优参数
Fitness = zeros(Foods, 1); % 适应度值
Max = zeros(Limit, 1); % 最大适应度值
Mean = zeros(Limit, 1); % 平均适应度值
% 初始化食物位置和适应度值
for i = 1:Foods
FoodPosition(i, :) = rand(1, H * (I + H + K) + K) * Range * 2 - Range;
[Fitness(i), ~] = BPNN(FoodPosition(i, :));
if Fitness(i) < GlobalMin
GlobalMin = Fitness(i);
GlobalParams = FoodPosition(i, :);
end
end
% 迭代搜索
for t = 1:Limit
% 邻域搜索
for i = 1:Foods
for j = 1:SN
NewFoodPosition = FoodPosition(i, :) + rand(1, H * (I + H + K) + K) * Range * 2 - Range;
[NewFitness, ~] = BPNN(NewFoodPosition);
if NewFitness < Fitness(i)
FoodPosition(i, :) = NewFoodPosition;
Fitness(i) = NewFitness;
end
if NewFitness < GlobalMin
GlobalMin = NewFitness;
GlobalParams = NewFoodPosition;
end
end
end
% 固定搜索
for i = 1:Foods
if rand() < SP
NewFoodPosition = GlobalParams + rand(1, H * (I + H + K) + K) * Range * 2 - Range;
[NewFitness, ~] = BPNN(NewFoodPosition);
if NewFitness < Fitness(i)
FoodPosition(i, :) = NewFoodPosition;
Fitness(i) = NewFitness;
end
if NewFitness < GlobalMin
GlobalMin = NewFitness;
GlobalParams = NewFoodPosition;
end
end
end
% 记录最大和平均适应度值
Max(t) = max(Fitness);
Mean(t) = mean(Fitness);
end
% 绘制适应度值变化图
figure(1);
plot(Max, 'r-');
hold on;
plot(Mean, 'b--');
xlabel('迭代次数');
ylabel('适应度值');
legend('最大适应度值', '平均适应度值');
% 测试
[~, output] = BPNN(GlobalParams, 1);
output = round(output);
accuracy = sum(output == test_target) / length(test_target);
disp(['测试准确率为：', num2str(accuracy)]);
% BP神经网络
function [fitness, output] = BPNN(params, test)
global train_input train_target test_input test_target N I H K
W1 = reshape(params(1:H * I), H, I);
B1 = reshape(params(H * I + 1:H * I + H), H, 1);
W2 = reshape(params(H * I + H + 1:H * I + H + H * K), K, H);
B2 = reshape(params(H * I + H + H * K + 1:end), K, 1);
if test == 0 % 训练
net = newelm(train_input, train_target, H, {'tansig', 'purelin'}, 'traingd', 'learngd', 'mse');
net.IW{1,1} = W1;
net.b{1} = B1;
net.LW{2,1} = W2;
net.b{2} = B2;
net.trainParam.lr = 0.1;
net.trainParam.epochs = 100;
net.trainParam.goal = 0.01;
net = train(net, train_input, train_target);
output = sim(net, train_input);
fitness = mse(output - train_target);
else % 测试
net = newelm(train_input, train_target, H, {'tansig', 'purelin'}, 'traingd', 'learngd', 'mse');
net.IW{1,1} = W1;
net.b{1} = B1;
net.LW{2,1} = W2;
net.b{2} = B2;
output = sim(net, test_input);
fitness = mse(output - test_target);
end
end
```
代码中使用了ELman神经网络，其中蜂群算法用于优化神经网络的权重和偏置参数。通过运行程序，可以得到神经网络的最优参数和测试准确率。同时，程序还会输出适应度值变化图，以便分析算法的收敛情况。
本文介绍了Elman神经网络的结构、特点和与BP网络的区别，并通过Matlab中的newelm()函数展示了如何实现Elman神经网络，用于数据预测。尽管存在训练速度慢和局部极小点的问题，但Elman网络在处理动态信息和建模能力上优于前馈网络。
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