【创新实训】后端开发笔记

Django后端

安装准备

requirements

• django>=3.0.3
• django-cors-headers>=3.2.1
• djangorestframework>=3.11.0
• mongoengine>=0.20.0
• pymongo>=3.9.0

创建项目

使用pycharm创建

命令行创建应用程序，命名为api

python manage.py startapp api

目录结构

MovieRatings #应用目录
│─ admin.py #对应应用后台管理配置文件。
│─ apps.py #对应应用的配置文件。
│─ models.py #数据模块，数据库设计就在此文件中设计。后面重点讲解
│─ tests.py #自动化测试模块，可在里面编写测试脚本自动化测试
│─ views.py #视图文件，用来执行响应代码的。你在浏览器所见所得都是它处理的。

配置

跨域冲突

安装好django-cors-headers之后
修改settings.py

ALLOWED_HOSTS
= ['*']

INSTALLED_APPS
= [
….
'corsheaders',
….]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

CORS_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS = True
CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True
CORS_ORIGIN_WHITELIST = ()

CORS_ALLOW_METHODS = (
    'DELETE',
    'GET',
    'OPTIONS',
    'PATCH',
    'POST',
    'PUT',
    'VIEW',
)

CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS = (
    'accept',
    'accept-encoding',
    'authorization',
    'content-type',
    'dnt',
    'origin',
    'user-agent',
    'x-csrftoken',
    'x-requested-with',
)

MongoDB

建议使用mongodbengine，而非pymongo。
首先去掉Django默认的数据库Sqlite，同样是settings.py

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': None,
        # 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        # 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
    }
}

models.py代码

from django.db import models
from mongoengine import *
import json

with open('api/setting.json') as f:
    setting = json.load(f)
connect('movie', host=setting['host'], username=setting['username'], password=setting['password'])

# Create your models here.

class Profile(Document):
    name = StringField()
    rate = StringField()
    cover = StringField()
    source = StringField()
    url = StringField()
    casts = ListField(StringField())
    directors = ListField(StringField())
    id = StringField()
    type = ListField(StringField())
    time = StringField()
    rate_num = StringField()
    _id = ObjectIdField()

这里settings.json存放数据库账号密码

api

url

url.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.views.generic.base import TemplateView
from django.http import HttpResponse
import api.views as views

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url('api/search', view=views.search),
    url('api/fusion', view=views.search_fusion),
]

view=views.search是直接传入了方法入口，当然可以写一个类，再传它的方法，不过这里使用RESTful API就不需要这么麻烦了。

RESTful API

安装好djangorestframework

view.py

import json

from .models import Profile, Fusion
from django.http import JsonResponse
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from mongoengine.queryset.visitor import Q


@api_view(['GET'])
def search(request):
    limit = 10  # max_num per page
    params = request.GET.dict()
    filters = {}
    if 'limit' in params:
        limit = int(params['limit'])
        limit = max(30, limit)
    if params.get('name'):
        filters['name__contains'] = params['name']
    for key in ['type', 'source', 'casts', 'directors']:
        if params.get(key):
            filters[key] = params[key]
    if params.get("time_min"):
        filters['time__gt'] = str(max(int(params['time_min']), 0))
    if params.get("time_max"):
        filters['time__lt'] = str(int(params['time_max']) + 1)
    if 'rate_min' in params:
        filters['rate__gte'] = params['rate_min']
    if 'rate_max' in params and params['rate_max'] != "10":
        filters['rate__lte'] = params['rate_max']
    offset = int(request.GET.get('offset', 0))
    movies = Profile.objects.exclude('_id').filter(**filters)
    total = movies.count()
    if 'order' in params:
        movies = movies.order_by(params['order'])
    movies = movies.limit(limit).skip(offset)
    return JsonResponse({'data': json.loads(movies.to_json()), 'total': total}, json_dumps_params={'ensure_ascii': False})

@api_view(['GET']) 注解规定该方法仅在GET方式下作用

mongoengine使用方法参考
Mongoengine查询
MongoEngine文档—高级用法