【Python学习记录——从入门到放弃】九、文件与异常

本文使用的书籍是《Python编程：从入门到实践》
本文使用的是Python3.6
一、从文件中读取数据
这一节主要讲的是如何读取文件，无非就是几个方法而已。

1. 读取整个文件
   首先创建一个文件

3.1415926335
8979323846
2643383279

保存在pi_digits.txt
接下来我们用程序打开并读取这个文件

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
	contents = file_object.read()
	print(contents)

注意，程序和pi_digits.txt要放在同一目录下。
根据程序输出的结果，发现输出末尾多了一个空行，我们要使用rstrip()来删除多出来的空行。

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
	contents = file_object.read()
	print(contents.rstrip())

2. 文件路径
   当你需要读取放在文件夹的文件的时候，就要把路径放在open里
   windows记得是用
   Linux和OS X使用/
   with open(‘路径\文件名’) as file_object

3. 逐行读取

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
    for line in file_object:
        print(line.rstrip())

4. 创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()

for line in lines:
	print(line.rstrip())

5. 使用文件的内容

filename = 'pi_30_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
	pi_string += line.strip()

print(pi_string)
print(len(pi_string))

这样，我们就得到了文件中的数据了。

6. 包含一百万位的大型文件

filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
	pi_string += line.strip()

print(pi_string[:52] + "...")
print(len(pi_string))

这个跟上面的操作差不多，没有什么不同，就是所用数据更大而已。

7. 圆周率值中包含你的生日吗

filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()

pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
	pi_string += line.strip()

birthday = input("Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy: ")
if birthday in pi_string:
	print("Your birthday appears in the first million digit of pi!")
else:
	print("Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.")")

动手试一试：

# 10-1
filename = 'learning_python.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
	print('第一种：')
	print(file_object.read().rstrip())

with open(filename) as file_object:
	print('第二种：')
	for line in file_object:
		print(line.rstrip())

with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()

print("第三种：")
for line in lines:
	print(line.rstrip())

# learning_python.txt
In python you can print.
In python you can input.
In python you can make a list.

# 10-2
with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()

for line in lines:
	print(line.replace('python', 'Java').rstrip())

二、写入文件
这一节主要讲的是写文件，跟读文件差不多233。

1. 写入空文件

filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
	file_object.write('I love programming.')

注意：现在open()里除了文件名，还有另一个参数’w’，这个参数代表的是写入模式。
除此之外，还有其他模式：

参数	模式
w	写入模式
r	读取模式
a	附加模式
r+	读取和写入模式

【重点注意！！！注意！！注意了！】
如果你使用’w’写入模式的时候，在打开文件时千万要注意，如果文件夹没有文件的话，程序会自动创建文件；如果有文件的话，程序会删除原来就有的文件，在创建一个文件，也就是覆盖原文件。

2. 多行写入

filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
	file_object.write('I love programming.\n')
	file_object.write('I love creating new game.\n')

记得每一句话在需要换行的地方都要加’\n’，不然语句会挤在一起。

3. 附加到文件

filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
	file_object.write('I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n')
	file_object.write('I love creating apps that can run in a brower.\n')

这里使用’a’来表示进行附加模式，将语句写到文件的后面，而不是覆盖文件。

动手试一试：

# 10-3
filename = 'guest.txt'

while True:
	name = input('请输入你的名字：')
	if name == 'quit':
		break
	with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
		file_object.write(name)

# 10-4
import time
filename = 'guest_book.txt'
while True:
	name = input('请输入你的名字：')
	if name == 'quit':
		break;
	print(name + ', 欢迎你登录！')
	with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
		file_object.write(name + '于' + str(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime())) + '进行登录' + '.\n')

三、异常
python使用异常的特殊对象来管理程序执行期间发生的错误。
如果你未对异常进行处理，程序将停止，并显示一个traceback，其中包含有关异常的报告。

1. 处理ZeroDivisionError异常

下面来看一种导致Python引发异常的简单错误。

print(5/0)

OK，这个程序运行时肯定会报错，众所周知，数字是不能除以0的，233。
下面我们来看一下如何处理。

2. 使用try-except代码块

try:
	pritn(5/0)
except:
	print("You can't divide by zero!")

这里我们可以看到try-except代码块的使用方法，在try中写入可能或必定233会出错的代码，当try中代码出错时，程序将会执行except中的语句。

3. 使用异常避免崩溃

发生错误是，如果程序还有工作没有完成，妥善地处理错误就尤其重要。
当你写完一个程序的时候，总有一些人为因素导致的错误，就比如上面的ZeroDivisionError，虽然你知道不能除零，但总有人会试试233。

print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit")

while True:
	first_number = input('\nFirst number: ')
	if first_number == 'q':
		break;
	second_number = input('Second number: ')
	if second_number == 'q':
		break;
	answer = int(first_number)/int(second_number)
	print(answer)

类似这样，当然你以后可能会写更复杂的程序，更应该要写好异常，有助于发现错误。

4. else代码块

print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit")

while True:
	first_number = input('\nFirst number: ')
	if first_number == 'q':
		break;
	second_number = input('Second number: ')
	if second_number == 'q':
		break;
	try:
		answer = int(first_number)/int(second_number)
	except ZeroDivisionError:
		print('You can't divide by 0!')
	else:
		print(answer)

在上面代码中，如果没有发生错误，程序执行完try代码块后，会执行else代码块，不执行except代码块；如果发生错误，首先在try代码块中报错的语句是不能运行的，然后程序会运行except语句，不执行else代码块。

5. 处理FileNotFoundError异常

filename = 'alice.txt'

try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
	msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does noe exist."
	print(msg)

6. 分析文本

filename = 'alice.txt'

try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
	msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does noe exist."
	print(msg)
else:
	# 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
	words = contents.split()
	num_words = len(words)
	print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")

7. 使用多个文件

def count_words(filename):
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			contents = f_obj.read()
	except FileNotFoundError:
		msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does noe exist."
		print(msg)
	else:
		# 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
		words = contents.split()
		num_words = len(words)
		print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")

filename = 'alice.txt'
count_words(filename)

8. 失败时一声不吭

def count_words(filename):
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			contents = f_obj.read()
	except FileNotFoundError:
		pass
	else:
		# 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
		words = contents.split()
		num_words = len(words)
		print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")

filename = 'alice.txt'
count_words(filename)

9. 决定报告那些错误
   ……

动手试一试：

# 10-6
while True:
	first_number = input('\nFirst number: ')
	if first_number == 'quit':
		break;
	second_number = input('Second number: ')
	if second_number == 'quit':
		break;
	try:
		result = int(first_number) + int(second_number)
	except ValueError:
		print('请输入数字！')
	else:
		print(result)

# 10-7
while True:
	first_number = input('\nFirst number: ')
	if first_number == 'quit':
		break;
	second_number = input('Second number: ')
	if second_number == 'quit':
		break;
	try:
		result = int(first_number) + int(second_number)
	except ValueError:
		print('请输入数字！')
	else:
		print(result)

# 10-8
def read_file(filename):
	try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		lines = f_obj.readlines();
	except FileNotFoundError:
		print('File not found')
	else:
		for line in lines:
			print(line.rstrip())

cats = 'cats.txt'
dogs = 'dogs.txt'
read_file(cats)
rad_file(dogs)

# 10-9
def read_file(filename):
	try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		lines = f_obj.readlines();
	except FileNotFoundError:
		pass
	else:
		for line in lines:
			print(line.rstrip())

cats = 'cats.txt'
dogs = 'dogs.txt'
read_file(cats)
rad_file(dogs)

# 10-10
def count_words(filename):
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			contents = f_obj.read()
	except FileNotFoundError:
		pass
	else:
		print(contents.lower().count('the'))

filenames = ['Slavery in History.txt', 'John Lackland.txt']
for filename in filenames:
	count_words(filename)

四、存储数据
这一节中使用学习使用json进行存储数据。

1. 使用json.dump()和json.load()

import json

numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]

filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
	json.dump(numbers, f_obj)

使用json.dump()存储数据

import json

filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
	numbers = json.load(f_obj)

print(numbers)

使用json.load()读取数据

2. 保存和读取用户生成的数据

import json

filename = 'username.json'
try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		username = json.load(f_obj)
except FileNotFoundError:
	username = input("What is your name?")
	with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
		json.dump(username, f_obj)
		print("we'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
else:
	print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")

这段代码是前面的整和，对各块知识的应用。

3. 重构
   这一小节里要学习使方法的任务简单化……

首先，先把上面的代码变成一个函数：

import json

def greet_user():
	filename = 'username.json'
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			username = json.load(f_obj)
	except FileNotFoundError:
		username = input("What is your name?")
		with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
			json.dump(username, f_obj)
			print("we'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
	else:
		print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
greet_user()

接下来，我们把读取用户名的方法分离，重构greet_user()方法

import json

def get_stored_username():
	"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它"""
	filename = 'username.json'
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			username = json.load(f_obj)
	except FileNotFoundError:
		return None
	else:
		return username

def greet_user():
	"""问候用户，并指出名字"""
	username = get_stored_username()
	if username:
		print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
	else:
		username = input("What is your name?")
		filename = 'username.json'
		with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
			json.dump(username, f_obj)
			print("we'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
greet_user()

最后，再把写入数据拆出来，重构greet_user()

import json

def get_stored_username():
	"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它"""
	filename = 'username.json'
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			username = json.load(f_obj)
	except FileNotFoundError:
		return None
	else:
		return username

def get_new_username():
	"""提示用户输入用户名"""
	username = input("What is your name?")
	filename = 'username.json'
	with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
		json.dump(username, f_obj)
	return username

def greet_user():
	"""问候用户，并指出名字"""
	username = get_stored_username()
	if username:
		print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
	else:
		username = get_new_username()
		print("we'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
greet_user()

动手试一试：

# 10-11
# 写入文件
import json

filename = 'favorite_number.json'
favorite_number = int(input('input your favorite number: '))
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
	json.dump(favorite_number, f_obj)
# 读取文件
import json

filename = 'favorite_number.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
	favorite_number = json.load(f_obj)
print("I know your favorite number! It's " + str(favorite_number))

# 10-12
import json

filename = 'favorite_number.json'
try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		favorite_number = json.load(f_obj)
except:
	favorite_number = int(input('input your favorite number: '))
	with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
		json.dump(favorite_number, f_obj)
else:
	print("I know your favorite number! It's " + str(favorite_number))

# 10-13
import json

def get_stored_username():
	"""如果存储了用户名，就获取它"""
	filename = 'username.json'
	try:
		with open(filename) as f_obj:
			username = json.load(f_obj)
	except FileNotFoundError:
		return None
	else:
		return username

def get_new_username():
	"""提示用户输入用户名"""
	username = input("What is your name?")
	filename = 'username.json'
	with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
		json.dump(username, f_obj)
	return username

def greet_user():
	"""问候用户，并指出名字"""
	username = get_stored_username()
	if username:
		usernameB = input(username + ", Is it your name?(Y/N)")
		if usernameB == 'N':
			username = get_new_username()
		elif usernameB == 'Y':
			print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")
	else:
		username = get_new_username()
		print("we'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
greet_user()

OK，那么这章就结束了！