【系统架构设计师】- 工作流参考模型WFMS

工作流管理系统概述

工作流管理系统(Workflow Management System, WfMS)是一个软件系统,它完成工作量的定义和管理,并按照在系统中预先定义好的工作流逻辑进行工作流实例的执行。 工作流管理系统不是企业的业务系统,而是为企业的业务系统的运行提供了一个软件的支撑环境。

它由多个组件组成,包括工作流执行服务、工作流引擎、流程定义工具、客户端应用、调用应用和管理监控工具。

  • 工作流执行服务:工作流执行服务是WFMS的核心组件,负责根据预定义的流程规则,自动执行工作流程中的各个任务,并确保任务按照指定的顺序和条件执行。它通常具有高度可靠性和可扩展性,能够处理大量的并发任务。

  • 工作流引擎:工作流引擎是实现工作流执行服务的关键技术。它提供了执行和控制工作流程的功能,包括任务调度、流程状态管理、事件处理等。工作流引擎通常基于一些特定的工作流模型或标准,如BPMN(Business Process Model and Notation)。

  • 流程定义工具:流程定义工具用于创建和编辑工作流程的定义,包括任务的顺序、条件、参与者角色等信息。通过流程定义工具,用户可以可视化地设计和修改工作流程,而无需编写复杂的代码。

  • 客户端应用:客户端应用是工作流系统的用户界面,通过它用户可以提交工作流请求、查看任务状态、处理任务等。客户端应用通常提供了友好的界面和易用的操作方式,以便用户能够方便地使用工作流系统。

  • 调用应用:调用应用是接入工作流系统的外部应用程序,它们可以通过API或其他方式与工作流引擎进行交互。调用应用可以触发工作流的执行,传递参数给工作流,获取工作流的执行结果等。

  • 管理监控工具:管理监控工具用于对工作流系统进行配置、监控和管理。它提供了对工作流执行情况的实时监控和统计分析功能,可以帮助管理员及时发现和解决问题,优化工作流程的性能和效率。

总而言之,工作流管理系统通过将业务过程抽象为可执行的工作流程,提供了一种高效、自动化的方式来管理和执行各类业务流程,从而提升组织的工作效率和质量。

在这里插入图片描述
举个例子把,假设我们有一个电子商务平台的订单处理流程,可以使用工作流管理系统来管理和执行该流程,并包括上述六个组件,在这个例子中,当一个用户提交订单后,客户端应用将订单请求发送到工作流引擎。工作流引擎根据预先定义的流程规则,逐步驱动订单审核、库存检查、支付处理和物流安排等任务的自动执行。期间,管理员可以通过管理监控工具监视订单处理的进展情况。

  • 工作流执行服务:负责实际执行订单处理流程中的各个任务,如订单审核、库存检查、支付处理、物流安排等。它确保任务按照预定的流程规则和条件顺序执行,并处理并发任务以及异常情况。

  • 工作流引擎:作为核心技术,管理和控制订单处理流程的执行。它根据事先定义的流程规则和条件,驱动任务的自动执行,例如在订单审核通过后触发库存检查任务。

  • 流程定义工具:用于创建和编辑订单处理流程的定义文件。定义文件中包括任务的顺序、依赖关系、参与者角色等信息。通过流程定义工具,管理员可以可视化地设计和修改订单处理流程,而无需编写复杂的代码。

  • 客户端应用:提供给平台用户的界面,使其能够提交订单、查看订单状态、取消订单等。客户端应用向工作流系统提交订单请求,并显示订单处理的进度和结果。

  • 调用应用:外部应用程序与工作流引擎进行交互的接口。例如,当订单支付成功时,调用应用可以通知工作流引擎更新订单状态,并触发后续的物流安排任务。

  • 管理监控工具:用于管理员对工作流系统进行配置、监控和管理。管理员可以通过管理监控工具查看订单处理的实时情况,例如每个任务的执行时间、待处理任务的数量等,从而及时发现问题并进行调整和优化。

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1. Introduction 1.1. Background Work Flow Management is a fast evolving technology which is increasingly being exploited by businesses in a variety of industries. Its primary characteristic is the automation of processes involving combinations of human and machine-based activities, particularly those involving interaction with IT applications and tools. Although its most prevalent use is within the office environment in staff intensive operations such as insurance, banking, legal and general administration, etc, it is also applicable to some classes of industrial and manufacturing applications . Many software vendors have WFM products available today which involve WFM technology and there is a continual introduction of more products into the market. The availability of a wide range of products within the market has allowed individual product vendors to focus on particular functional capabilities and users have adopted particular products to meet specific application needs. However, there are, as yet, no standards defined to enable different WFM products to work together, which is resulting in incompatible "islands" of process automation. The WFM Coalition is a grouping of companies who have joined together to address the above situation. It has been recognised that all work flow management products have some common characteristics, enabling them potentially to achieve a level of interoperability through the use of common standards for various functions. The WFM Coalition has been established to identify these functional areas and develop appropriate specifications for implementation in workflow products. It is intended that such specifications will enable interoperability between heterogeneous workflow products and improved integration of workflow applications with other IT services such as electronic mail and document management, thereby improving the opportunities for the effective use of workflow technology within the IT market, to the benefit of both vendors and users of such technology. 1.2. Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide a framework to support the development of the various specifications described above. It provides a common "Reference Model" for workflow management systems identifying their characteristics, terminology and components, enabling the individual specifications to be developed within the context of an overall model for workflow systems. The detailed specifications will be developed as separate documents. 1.3. Scope This document covers the concepts, terminology, general structure of a workflow management system, its major functional components and the interfaces and information interchange flows between them. It identifies the areas appropriate for standardisation and illustrates the potential interoperability scenarios which may be supported through the use of common standards. It also discusses, where appropriate, the applicability of existing standards to workflow management systems and their integration with other standard IT services. It does not cover wider aspects of business process engineering which lie outside the use of information technology to support the business process. 1.4. Audience The intended audience of this document is the work flow coalition membership as well as others that are interested in the efforts of the coalition and wish to understand the top level technical architecture which underpins the work of the Coalition. The document is intended for a moderately technical audience but extensive prior knowledge of workflow systems is not assumed. 1.5. How to read this document Chapter 2 provides a general introduction to the concepts of workflow systems technology, its evolution, the business context and background on the types of systems which may incorporate this type of technology. If you are unfamiliar with workflow technology you should start here; if you are already familiar with workflow management systems, consider starting at Chapter 3. Chapter 3 discuses the internal structure of workflow systems, the major functional components and the nature of their interactions. It introduces the top level architecture and identifies the various interfaces which may be used to support interoperability between different system components and integration with other major IT infrastructure components. Chapter 4 provides a general overview of the workflow application programme interface (WAPI), comments on the necessary protocol support for open interworking and discusses the principles of conformance to the specifications. It identifies those aspects of the specifications which are required to support various classes of interoperability. The detailed WAPI specifications are published as separate specification documents (see cross references below).
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