抢购、秒杀是如今很常见的一个应用场景,主要需要解决的问题有两个:
1 高并发对数据库产生的压力
2 竞争状态下如何解决库存的正确减少("超卖"问题)
对于第一个问题,已经很容易想到用缓存来处理抢购,避免直接操作数据库,例如使用Redis。
重点在于第二个问题
常规写法:
查询出对应商品的库存,看是否大于0,然后执行生成订单等操作,但是在判断库存是否大于0处,如果在高并发下就会有问题,导致库存量出现负数
<?php $conn=mysql_connect("localhost","big","123456"); if(!$conn){ echo "connect failed"; exit; } mysql_select_db("big",$conn); mysql_query("set names utf8"); $price=10; $user_id=1; $goods_id=1; $sku_id=11; $number=1; //生成唯一订单 function build_order_no(){ return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8); } //记录日志 function insertLog($event,$type=0){ global $conn; $sql="insert into ih_log(event,type) values('$event','$type')"; mysql_query($sql,$conn); } //模拟下单操作 //库存是否大于0 $sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id'";//解锁 此时ih_store数据中goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id' 的数据被锁住(注3),其它事务必须等待此次事务 提交后才能执行 $rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); $row=mysql_fetch_assoc($rs); if($row['number']>0){//高并发下会导致超卖 $order_sn=build_order_no(); //生成订单 $sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price) values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')"; $order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); //库存减少 $sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'"; $store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); if(mysql_affected_rows()){ insertLog('库存减少成功'); }else{ insertLog('库存减少失败'); } }else{ insertLog('库存不够'); } ?>优化方案1:将库存字段number字段设为unsigned,当库存为0时,因为字段不能为负数,将会返回false
//库存减少
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store_rs=mysql_query(
storers=mysqlquery(sql,$conn);
if(mysql_affected_rows()){
insertLog(‘库存减少成功’);
}
优化方案2:使用mysql的事务,锁住操作的行
<?php $conn=mysql_connect("localhost","big","123456"); if(!$conn){ echo "connect failed"; exit; } mysql_select_db("big",$conn); mysql_query("set names utf8"); $price=10; $user_id=1; $goods_id=1; $sku_id=11; $number=1; //生成唯一订单号 function build_order_no(){ return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8); } //记录日志 function insertLog($event,$type=0){ global $conn; $sql="insert into ih_log(event,type) values('$event','$type')"; mysql_query($sql,$conn); } //模拟下单操作 //库存是否大于0 mysql_query("BEGIN"); //开始事务 $sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id' FOR UPDATE";//此时这条记录被锁住,其它事务必须等待此次事务提交后才能执行 $rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); $row=mysql_fetch_assoc($rs); if($row['number']>0){ //生成订单 $order_sn=build_order_no(); $sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price) values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')"; $order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); //库存减少 $sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'"; $store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); if(mysql_affected_rows()){ insertLog('库存减少成功'); mysql_query("COMMIT");//事务提交即解锁 }else{ insertLog('库存减少失败'); } }else{ insertLog('库存不够'); mysql_query("ROLLBACK"); } ?>优化方案3:使用非阻塞的文件排他锁
<?php $conn=mysql_connect("localhost","root","123456"); if(!$conn){ echo "connect failed"; exit; } mysql_select_db("big-bak",$conn); mysql_query("set names utf8"); $price=10; $user_id=1; $goods_id=1; $sku_id=11; $number=1; //生成唯一订单号 function build_order_no(){ return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8); } //记录日志 function insertLog($event,$type=0){ global $conn; $sql="insert into ih_log(event,type) values('$event','$type')"; mysql_query($sql,$conn); } $fp = fopen("lock.txt", "w+"); if(!flock($fp,LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)){ echo "系统繁忙,请稍后再试"; return; } //下单 $sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id'"; $rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); $row=mysql_fetch_assoc($rs); if($row['number']>0){//库存是否大于0 //模拟下单操作 $order_sn=build_order_no(); $sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price) values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')"; $order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); //库存减少 $sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'"; $store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); if(mysql_affected_rows()){ insertLog('库存减少成功'); flock($fp,LOCK_UN);//释放锁 }else{ insertLog('库存减少失败'); } }else{ insertLog('库存不够'); } fclose($fp); 优化方案4:使用redis队列,因为pop操作是原子的,即使有很多用户同时到达,也是依次执行,推荐使用(mysql事务在高并发下性能下降很厉害,文件锁的方式也是) 先将商品库存如队列 <?php $store=1000; $redis=new Redis(); $result=$redis->connect('127.0.0.1',6379); $res=$redis->llen('goods_store'); echo $res; $count=$store-$res; for($i=0;$i<$count;$i++){ $redis->lpush('goods_store',1); } echo $redis->llen('goods_store'); ?>抢购、描述逻辑
<?php $conn=mysql_connect("localhost","big","123456"); if(!$conn){ echo "connect failed"; exit; } mysql_select_db("big",$conn); mysql_query("set names utf8"); $price=10; $user_id=1; $goods_id=1; $sku_id=11; $number=1; //生成唯一订单号 function build_order_no(){ return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8); } //记录日志 function insertLog($event,$type=0){ global $conn; $sql="insert into ih_log(event,type) values('$event','$type')"; mysql_query($sql,$conn); } //模拟下单操作 //下单前判断redis队列库存量 $redis=new Redis(); $result=$redis->connect('127.0.0.1',6379); $count=$redis->lpop('goods_store'); if(!$count){ insertLog('error:no store redis'); return; } //生成订单 $order_sn=build_order_no(); $sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price) values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')"; $order_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); //库存减少 $sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'"; $store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn); if(mysql_affected_rows()){ insertLog('库存减少成功'); }else{ insertLog('库存减少失败'); } 模拟5000高并发测试 webbench -c 5000 -t 60 http://192.168.1.198/big/index.php ab -r -n 6000 -c 5000 http://192.168.1.198/big/index.php 上述只是简单模拟高并发下的抢购,真实场景要比这复杂很多,很多注意的地方 如抢购页面做成静态的,通过ajax调用接口 再如上面的会导致一个用户抢多个,思路: 需要一个排队队列和抢购结果队列及库存队列。高并发情况,先将用户进入排队队列,用一个线程循环处理从排队队列取出一个用户,判断用户是否已在抢购结果队列,如果在,则已抢购,否则未抢购,库存减1,写数据库,将用户入结果队列。 测试数据表 -- -- 数据库: `big` -- -- -------------------------------------------------------- -- -- 表的结构 `ih_goods` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_goods` ( `goods_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `cat_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `goods_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`goods_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ; -- -- 转存表中的数据 `ih_goods` -- INSERT INTO `ih_goods` (`goods_id`, `cat_id`, `goods_name`) VALUES (1, 0, '小米手机'); -- -------------------------------------------------------- -- -- 表的结构 `ih_log` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_log` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `event` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `type` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `addtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; -- -- 转存表中的数据 `ih_log` -- -- -------------------------------------------------------- -- -- 表的结构 `ih_order` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_order` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `order_sn` char(32) NOT NULL, `user_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `goods_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `sku_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `price` float NOT NULL, `addtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='订单表' AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; -- -- 转存表中的数据 `ih_order` -- -- -------------------------------------------------------- -- -- 表的结构 `ih_store` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_store` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `goods_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `sku_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `number` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `freez` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '虚拟库存', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='库存' AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;