Linux通配符和正则表达式

一、 通配符（常用于命令行）：

单引号和双引号以及反引号

[root@localhost tmp]# echo "date" 
date
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "`date`"
Sun Aug  4 08:26:05 PDT 2019
[root@localhost tmp]# echo '`date`'
`date`
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "$(date)"
Sun Aug  4 08:27:03 PDT 2019
[root@localhost tmp]# 

{} 内容序列

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir {1..10}.txt
[root@localhost ~]# ll
total 140
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 10.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 1.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 2.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 3.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 4.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 5.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 6.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 7.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 8.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Aug  4 08:57 9.txt

二、正则表达式

1.什么是正则表达式？

2.为什么要学会正则表达式？

3.容易混淆的注意事项

基础正则表达式，第一波说明：

原文件内容：
.*代表所有

[root@localhost cs]# grep -n ".*" passwd 
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
2:bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
3:
4:daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
5:adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
6:
7:lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
8:sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
9:shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
10:
11:halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
12:mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
13:uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
19:games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
20:gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
21:ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
27:dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
28:usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
29:vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
30:rtkit:x:499:497:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
31:avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
32:abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
33:haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
34:gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
35:ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
36:apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
37:saslauth:x:498:76:"Saslauthd user":/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
38:postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
39:pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
40:sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
41:tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
42:xm:x:500:500:xh:/home/xm:/bin/bash
43:mysql:x:496:493::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin
44:nginx:x:495:492::/home/nginx:/sbin/nologin

^root 以root开头
bash$ 以bash结尾

[root@localhost cs]# grep -n "^root" passwd    
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
[root@localhost cs]# grep -n "bash$" passwd          
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
42:xm:x:500:500:xh:/home/xm:/bin/bash

^$ 代表空行

[root@localhost cs]# grep -n "^$" passwd       
3:
6:
10:
14:
15:
16:
17:
22:
23:
24:
25:
[root@localhost cs]#

grep -vn “^$” passwd 代表排除空行

[root@localhost cs]# grep -vn "^$" passwd 
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
2:bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
4:daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
5:adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
7:lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
8:sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
9:shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
11:halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
12:mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
13:uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
18:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
19:games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
20:gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
21:ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
26:nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
27:dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
28:usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
29:vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
30:rtkit:x:499:497:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
31:avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
32:abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
33:haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
34:gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
35:ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
36:apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
37:saslauth:x:498:76:"Saslauthd user":/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
38:postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
39:pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
40:sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
41:tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
42:xm:x:500:500:xh:/home/xm:/bin/bash
43:mysql:x:496:493::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin
44:nginx:x:495:492::/home/nginx:/sbin/nologin

正则表达式第二波字符说明

正则表达式第三波字符说明

[nrt] 有n 有r 有t 符合要求

[^nrt] 非n 非r 非t

字数重复次数的正则表达式使用

注意：