极限01:不定式的概念

1.极限的概念

定理:函数f(x)在x= x 0 x_0 x0处,极限存在的充要条件是: lim ⁡ x → x 0 + f ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → x 0 − f ( x ) \lim_{x \to x_0^+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to x_0^-} f(x) xx0+limf(x)=xx0limf(x)
即左极限=右极限

2极限的运算

2.1代入法

例1: 求 lim ⁡ x → 0 2 x 3 + ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2^x}{3+\ln(1+x)} x0lim3+ln(1+x)2x
解:将x=0代入:
可得 lim ⁡ x → 0 2 x 3 + ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) = lim ⁡ x → 0 2 0 3 + ln ⁡ ( 1 + 0 ) = lim ⁡ x → 0 1 3 + 0 = 1 3 \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2^x}{3+\ln(1+x)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2^0}{3+\ln(1+0)} =\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{3+0}= \frac{1}{3} x0lim3+ln(1+x)2x=x0lim3+ln(1+0)20=x0lim3+01=31

例2:设 f ( x ) = { x + 1 , x>0 0 , x=0 e x , x<0 f(x) = \begin{cases} x+1, & \text{x>0} \\[2ex] 0, & \text{x=0} \\[2ex] e^x, & \text{x<0} \\ \end{cases} f(x)= x+1,0,ex,x>0x=0x<0
1.求f(x)在x=0处的左右极限?
2.求f(x)的极限?

解:① lim ⁡ x → 0 − f ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → 0 − x + 1 = 1 \lim_{x \to 0^-}f(x) =\lim_{x \to 0^-}x+1=1 x0limf(x)=x0limx+1=1
lim ⁡ x → 0 + f ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → 0 + e x = 1 \lim_{x \to 0^+}f(x) =\lim_{x \to 0^+} e^x=1 x0+limf(x)=x0+limex=1

②∵ lim ⁡ x → 0 − f ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → 0 + f ( x ) = 1 \lim_{x \to 0^-}f(x) =\lim_{x \to 0^+}f(x)=1 x0limf(x)=x0+limf(x)=1
lim ⁡ x → 0 f ( x ) = 1 \lim_{x \to 0}f(x)=1 x0limf(x)=1

2.2 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00型的极限

例1: lim ⁡ x → 1 x 2 − 1 x + 1 \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{x+1} x1limx+1x21
解:使用代入法得到 lim ⁡ x → 1 x 2 − 1 x + 1 = lim ⁡ x → 1 0 0 \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{x+1}= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{0}{0} x1limx+1x21=x1lim00,所以不能使用代入法
思路:利用平方差公式对分子进行展开:
lim ⁡ x → 1 x 2 − 1 x + 1 = lim ⁡ x → 1 ( x + 1 ) ⋅ ( x − 1 ) x − 1 = lim ⁡ x → 1 x + 1 = 2 \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{x+1}= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{(x+1)·(x-1)}{x-1}= \lim_{x \to 1} x+1=2 x1limx+1x21=x1limx1(x+1)(x1)=x1limx+1=2

不是所有极限都能用代入法直接得出结果,那么有哪些类型不能使用代入法求极限呢?

不定式 (7种)表达式
加减法法则∞-∞
乘法法则0·∞
除法法则 ∞ ∞ \frac{∞}{∞}
0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00
幂指法则 0 0 \displaystyle0^0 00
∞ 0 \displaystyle \infty^0 0
1 ∞ 1^\infty 1

极限的四则运算:

lim ⁡ x → x 0 [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] = lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) ± lim ⁡ x → x 0 g ( x ) \lim_{x \to x_0} [f(x)±g(x)]= \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) ± \lim_{x \to x_0}g(x) xx0lim[f(x)±g(x)]=xx0limf(x)±xx0limg(x)
lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) = A / ∞ \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) =A/∞ xx0limf(x)=A/∞
lim ⁡ x → x 0 g ( x ) = B / ∞ \lim_{x \to x_0}g(x) =B/∞ xx0limg(x)=B/∞

类型结果
A+BC
A+∞/∞+B
(+∞)+(+∞)+∞
(-∞)+(-∞)-∞
(+∞)+(-∞) 异号无穷大记作:∞-∞不确定,经常使用共轭式求解

例1: lim ⁡ x → ∞ x + 1 − x \lim_{x \to ∞} \sqrt {x+1} - \sqrt{x} xlimx+1 x
解:把x=∞代入:可知为∞-∞类型
使用共轭式:

lim ⁡ x → ∞ x + 1 − x = lim ⁡ x → ∞ ( x + 1 + x ) ⋅ ( x + 1 − x ) x + 1 + x = lim ⁡ x → ∞ ( x + 1 ) − x x + 1 + x = lim ⁡ x → ∞ 1 x + 1 + x = lim ⁡ x → ∞ 1 ∞ + 1 + ∞ = lim ⁡ x → ∞ 1 ∞ = 0 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to ∞} \sqrt {x+1} - \sqrt{x} & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{(\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x})·(\sqrt {x+1}-\sqrt {x})}{\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{(x+1)-x}{\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{1}{\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{1}{\sqrt {∞+1}+\sqrt {∞}} \\ &= \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{1}{∞} \\ &= 0 \\ \end{align*} xlimx+1 x =xlimx+1 +x (x+1 +x )(x+1 x )=xlimx+1 +x (x+1)x=xlimx+1 +x 1=xlim+1 + 1=xlim1=0

例2:
lim ⁡ x → 1 ( 1 x − 1 − 2 x 2 − 1 ) \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{1}{x-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) x1lim(x11x212)

解:
x=1代入:
lim ⁡ x → 1 ( 1 x − 1 − 2 x 2 − 1 ) = lim ⁡ x → ∞ ( ∞ − ∞ ) ,所以对分母进行通分 lim ⁡ x → 1 ( 1 x − 1 − 2 x 2 − 1 ) = lim ⁡ x → 1 ( x + 1 x 2 − 1 − 2 x 2 − 1 ) = lim ⁡ x → 1 x + 1 − 2 x 2 − 1 = lim ⁡ x → 1 x − 1 x 2 − 1 = lim ⁡ x → 1 1 x + 1 = 1 2 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{1}{x-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) & = \lim_{x \to ∞} (∞- ∞) ,所以对分母进行通分 \\ \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{1}{x-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) & = \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{x+1}{x^2-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) \\ & = \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x+1-2}{x^2-1} \\ & =\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x-1}{x^2-1}\\ &= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{x+1} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \\ \end{align*} x1lim(x11x212)x1lim(x11x212)=xlim(),所以对分母进行通分=x1lim(x21x+1x212)=x1limx21x+12=x1limx21x1=x1limx+11=21

②极限乘法法则
lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) ⋅ lim ⁡ x → x 0 g ( x ) \lim_{x \to x_0} f(x)·g(x)= \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) ·\lim_{x \to x_0}g(x) xx0limf(x)g(x)=xx0limf(x)xx0limg(x)
lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) = A ( A ≠ 0 ) / ∞ \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) =A(A≠0)/∞ xx0limf(x)=A(A=0)/∞
lim ⁡ x → x 0 g ( x ) = B ( B ≠ 0 ) / ∞ \lim_{x \to x_0}g(x) =B(B≠0)/∞ xx0limg(x)=B(B=0)/∞

类型结果
A·BC
∞ ·A(≠0)
0·A(A≠ ∞)0
0· ∞不确定

例1: lim ⁡ x → 0 x ⋅ 1 x 2 \lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{1}{x^2} x0limxx21
将x=0代入:0·∞型
lim ⁡ x → 0 x ⋅ 1 x 2 = lim ⁡ x → 0 1 x = ∞ \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{1}{x^2} & = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x}\\ & = ∞ \\ \end{align*} x0limxx21=x0limx1=

例2: lim ⁡ x → 0 x ⋅ 1 x \lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{1}{x} x0limxx1
将x=0代入:0·∞型
lim ⁡ x → 0 x ⋅ 2 x = lim ⁡ x → 0 2 x = 2 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{2}{x} & = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2}{x}\\ & = 2 \\ \end{align*} x0limxx2=x0limx2=2

例3: lim ⁡ x → 0 x 2 ⋅ 1 x \lim_{x \to 0} x^2·\frac{1}{x} x0limx2x1
将x=0代入:0·∞型
lim ⁡ x → 0 x 2 ⋅ 1 x = lim ⁡ x → 0 x = 0 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} x^2·\frac{1}{x} & = \lim_{x \to 0} x\\ & = 0\\ \end{align*} x0limx2x1=x0limx=0

③极限除法法则
lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) lim ⁡ x → x 0 g ( x ) \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}= \frac{\lim_{x \to x_0}f(x)}{\lim_{x \to x_0}g(x)} xx0limg(x)f(x)=limxx0g(x)limxx0f(x)

除法法则中只有 ∞ ∞ \frac{∞}{∞} 不确定

这里先了解一下抓大头方法

lim ⁡ x → x 0 a x m + . . . . . b x n + . . . . . = lim ⁡ x → x 0 a x m b x n = { m > n ⟹ ∞ m = n ⟹ a b m < n ⟹ 0 \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{ax^m+.....}{bx^n+.....}= \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{ax^m}{bx^n}= \begin{cases} m>n \Longrightarrow∞ \\[2ex] m=n \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\frac{a}{b} \\[2ex] m<n \Longrightarrow 0 \\[2ex] \end{cases} xx0limbxn+.....axm+.....=xx0limbxnaxm= m>nm=nbam<n0

例1: lim ⁡ x → ∞ 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^3+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} xlimx3x23x3+2x21

lim ⁡ x → ∞ 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 = lim ⁡ x → ∞ 3 x 3 x 3 = 3 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^3+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} & = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^3}{x^3}\\ &= 3 \\ \end{align*} xlimx3x23x3+2x21=xlimx33x3=3

例2: lim ⁡ x → ∞ 3 x 4 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^4+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} xlimx3x23x4+2x21

lim ⁡ x → ∞ 3 x 4 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 = lim ⁡ x → ∞ 3 x 4 x 3 = ∞ \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^4+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} & = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^4}{x^3}\\ &= \infty \\ \end{align*} xlimx3x23x4+2x21=xlimx33x4=

例3: lim ⁡ x → ∞ 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} xlimx3x22x21

lim ⁡ x → ∞ 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 = lim ⁡ x → ∞ 2 x 2 x 3 = 0 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} & = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2}{x^3}\\ &= 0 \\ \end{align*} xlimx3x22x21=xlimx32x2=0

③极限幂指运算法则

lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim ⁡ x → x 0 f ( x ) lim ⁡ x → x 0 g ( x ) \lim_{x \to x_0} {f(x)^{g(x)}}=\lim_{x \to x_0} {f(x)^{\lim_{x \to x_0} g(x)}} xx0limf(x)g(x)=xx0limf(x)limxx0g(x)

只有 0 0 , ∞ 0 , 1 ∞ \displaystyle0^0, \displaystyle \infty^0, 1^\infty 00,0,1型不确定,留在下章解决。

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