1.极限的概念
定理:函数f(x)在x=
x
0
x_0
x0处,极限存在的充要条件是:
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
−
f
(
x
)
\lim_{x \to x_0^+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to x_0^-} f(x)
x→x0+limf(x)=x→x0−limf(x)
即左极限=右极限
2极限的运算
2.1代入法
例1: 求
lim
x
→
0
2
x
3
+
ln
(
1
+
x
)
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2^x}{3+\ln(1+x)}
x→0lim3+ln(1+x)2x
解:将x=0代入:
可得
lim
x
→
0
2
x
3
+
ln
(
1
+
x
)
=
lim
x
→
0
2
0
3
+
ln
(
1
+
0
)
=
lim
x
→
0
1
3
+
0
=
1
3
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2^x}{3+\ln(1+x)} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2^0}{3+\ln(1+0)} =\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{3+0}= \frac{1}{3}
x→0lim3+ln(1+x)2x=x→0lim3+ln(1+0)20=x→0lim3+01=31
例2:设
f
(
x
)
=
{
x
+
1
,
x>0
0
,
x=0
e
x
,
x<0
f(x) = \begin{cases} x+1, & \text{x>0} \\[2ex] 0, & \text{x=0} \\[2ex] e^x, & \text{x<0} \\ \end{cases}
f(x)=⎩
⎨
⎧x+1,0,ex,x>0x=0x<0
1.求f(x)在x=0处的左右极限?
2.求f(x)的极限?
解:①
lim
x
→
0
−
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
0
−
x
+
1
=
1
\lim_{x \to 0^-}f(x) =\lim_{x \to 0^-}x+1=1
x→0−limf(x)=x→0−limx+1=1
lim
x
→
0
+
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
e
x
=
1
\lim_{x \to 0^+}f(x) =\lim_{x \to 0^+} e^x=1
x→0+limf(x)=x→0+limex=1
②∵
lim
x
→
0
−
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
f
(
x
)
=
1
\lim_{x \to 0^-}f(x) =\lim_{x \to 0^+}f(x)=1
x→0−limf(x)=x→0+limf(x)=1
∴
lim
x
→
0
f
(
x
)
=
1
\lim_{x \to 0}f(x)=1
x→0limf(x)=1
2.2 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00型的极限
例1:
lim
x
→
1
x
2
−
1
x
+
1
\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{x+1}
x→1limx+1x2−1
解:使用代入法得到
lim
x
→
1
x
2
−
1
x
+
1
=
lim
x
→
1
0
0
\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{x+1}= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{0}{0}
x→1limx+1x2−1=x→1lim00,所以不能使用代入法
思路:利用平方差公式对分子进行展开:
lim
x
→
1
x
2
−
1
x
+
1
=
lim
x
→
1
(
x
+
1
)
⋅
(
x
−
1
)
x
−
1
=
lim
x
→
1
x
+
1
=
2
\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{x+1}= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{(x+1)·(x-1)}{x-1}= \lim_{x \to 1} x+1=2
x→1limx+1x2−1=x→1limx−1(x+1)⋅(x−1)=x→1limx+1=2
不是所有极限都能用代入法直接得出结果,那么有哪些类型不能使用代入法求极限呢?
不定式 (7种) | 表达式 |
---|---|
加减法法则 | ∞-∞ |
乘法法则 | 0·∞ |
除法法则 | ∞ ∞ \frac{∞}{∞} ∞∞ |
– | 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00 |
幂指法则 | 0 0 \displaystyle0^0 00 |
– | ∞ 0 \displaystyle \infty^0 ∞0 |
– | 1 ∞ 1^\infty 1∞ |
极限的四则运算:
①
lim
x
→
x
0
[
f
(
x
)
±
g
(
x
)
]
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
±
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
\lim_{x \to x_0} [f(x)±g(x)]= \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) ± \lim_{x \to x_0}g(x)
x→x0lim[f(x)±g(x)]=x→x0limf(x)±x→x0limg(x)
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
=
A
/
∞
\lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) =A/∞
x→x0limf(x)=A/∞
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
B
/
∞
\lim_{x \to x_0}g(x) =B/∞
x→x0limg(x)=B/∞
对
类型 | 结果 |
---|---|
A+B | C |
A+∞/∞+B | ∞ |
(+∞)+(+∞) | +∞ |
(-∞)+(-∞) | -∞ |
(+∞)+(-∞) 异号无穷大记作:∞-∞ | 不确定,经常使用共轭式求解 |
例1:
lim
x
→
∞
x
+
1
−
x
\lim_{x \to ∞} \sqrt {x+1} - \sqrt{x}
x→∞limx+1−x
解:把x=∞代入:可知为∞-∞类型
使用共轭式:
lim x → ∞ x + 1 − x = lim x → ∞ ( x + 1 + x ) ⋅ ( x + 1 − x ) x + 1 + x = lim x → ∞ ( x + 1 ) − x x + 1 + x = lim x → ∞ 1 x + 1 + x = lim x → ∞ 1 ∞ + 1 + ∞ = lim x → ∞ 1 ∞ = 0 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to ∞} \sqrt {x+1} - \sqrt{x} & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{(\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x})·(\sqrt {x+1}-\sqrt {x})}{\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{(x+1)-x}{\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{1}{\sqrt {x+1}+\sqrt {x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{1}{\sqrt {∞+1}+\sqrt {∞}} \\ &= \lim_{x \to ∞} \frac{1}{∞} \\ &= 0 \\ \end{align*} x→∞limx+1−x=x→∞limx+1+x(x+1+x)⋅(x+1−x)=x→∞limx+1+x(x+1)−x=x→∞limx+1+x1=x→∞lim∞+1+∞1=x→∞lim∞1=0
例2:
lim
x
→
1
(
1
x
−
1
−
2
x
2
−
1
)
\lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{1}{x-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1})
x→1lim(x−11−x2−12)
解:
x=1代入:
lim
x
→
1
(
1
x
−
1
−
2
x
2
−
1
)
=
lim
x
→
∞
(
∞
−
∞
)
,所以对分母进行通分
lim
x
→
1
(
1
x
−
1
−
2
x
2
−
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
(
x
+
1
x
2
−
1
−
2
x
2
−
1
)
=
lim
x
→
1
x
+
1
−
2
x
2
−
1
=
lim
x
→
1
x
−
1
x
2
−
1
=
lim
x
→
1
1
x
+
1
=
1
2
\begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{1}{x-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) & = \lim_{x \to ∞} (∞- ∞) ,所以对分母进行通分 \\ \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{1}{x-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) & = \lim_{x \to 1} (\frac{x+1}{x^2-1}- \frac{2}{x^2-1}) \\ & = \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x+1-2}{x^2-1} \\ & =\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x-1}{x^2-1}\\ &= \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{x+1} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \\ \end{align*}
x→1lim(x−11−x2−12)x→1lim(x−11−x2−12)=x→∞lim(∞−∞),所以对分母进行通分=x→1lim(x2−1x+1−x2−12)=x→1limx2−1x+1−2=x→1limx2−1x−1=x→1limx+11=21
②极限乘法法则
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
⋅
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
⋅
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
\lim_{x \to x_0} f(x)·g(x)= \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) ·\lim_{x \to x_0}g(x)
x→x0limf(x)⋅g(x)=x→x0limf(x)⋅x→x0limg(x)
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
=
A
(
A
≠
0
)
/
∞
\lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) =A(A≠0)/∞
x→x0limf(x)=A(A=0)/∞
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
B
(
B
≠
0
)
/
∞
\lim_{x \to x_0}g(x) =B(B≠0)/∞
x→x0limg(x)=B(B=0)/∞
类型 | 结果 |
---|---|
A·B | C |
∞ ·A(≠0) | ∞ |
0·A(A≠ ∞) | 0 |
0· ∞ | 不确定 |
例1:
lim
x
→
0
x
⋅
1
x
2
\lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{1}{x^2}
x→0limx⋅x21
将x=0代入:0·∞型
lim
x
→
0
x
⋅
1
x
2
=
lim
x
→
0
1
x
=
∞
\begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{1}{x^2} & = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x}\\ & = ∞ \\ \end{align*}
x→0limx⋅x21=x→0limx1=∞
例2:
lim
x
→
0
x
⋅
1
x
\lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{1}{x}
x→0limx⋅x1
将x=0代入:0·∞型
lim
x
→
0
x
⋅
2
x
=
lim
x
→
0
2
x
=
2
\begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} x·\frac{2}{x} & = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2}{x}\\ & = 2 \\ \end{align*}
x→0limx⋅x2=x→0limx2=2
例3:
lim
x
→
0
x
2
⋅
1
x
\lim_{x \to 0} x^2·\frac{1}{x}
x→0limx2⋅x1
将x=0代入:0·∞型
lim
x
→
0
x
2
⋅
1
x
=
lim
x
→
0
x
=
0
\begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} x^2·\frac{1}{x} & = \lim_{x \to 0} x\\ & = 0\\ \end{align*}
x→0limx2⋅x1=x→0limx=0
③极限除法法则
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
\lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}= \frac{\lim_{x \to x_0}f(x)}{\lim_{x \to x_0}g(x)}
x→x0limg(x)f(x)=limx→x0g(x)limx→x0f(x)
除法法则中只有 ∞ ∞ \frac{∞}{∞} ∞∞不确定
这里先了解一下抓大头方法
lim x → x 0 a x m + . . . . . b x n + . . . . . = lim x → x 0 a x m b x n = { m > n ⟹ ∞ m = n ⟹ a b m < n ⟹ 0 \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{ax^m+.....}{bx^n+.....}= \lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{ax^m}{bx^n}= \begin{cases} m>n \Longrightarrow∞ \\[2ex] m=n \Longrightarrow \displaystyle\frac{a}{b} \\[2ex] m<n \Longrightarrow 0 \\[2ex] \end{cases} x→x0limbxn+.....axm+.....=x→x0limbxnaxm=⎩ ⎨ ⎧m>n⟹∞m=n⟹bam<n⟹0
例1: lim x → ∞ 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^3+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} x→∞limx3−x23x3+2x2−1
lim x → ∞ 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 = lim x → ∞ 3 x 3 x 3 = 3 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^3+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} & = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^3}{x^3}\\ &= 3 \\ \end{align*} x→∞limx3−x23x3+2x2−1=x→∞limx33x3=3
例2: lim x → ∞ 3 x 4 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^4+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} x→∞limx3−x23x4+2x2−1
lim x → ∞ 3 x 4 + 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 = lim x → ∞ 3 x 4 x 3 = ∞ \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^4+2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} & = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^4}{x^3}\\ &= \infty \\ \end{align*} x→∞limx3−x23x4+2x2−1=x→∞limx33x4=∞
例3: lim x → ∞ 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} x→∞limx3−x22x2−1
lim x → ∞ 2 x 2 − 1 x 3 − x 2 = lim x → ∞ 2 x 2 x 3 = 0 \begin{align*} \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2-1}{x^3-x^2} & = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2}{x^3}\\ &= 0 \\ \end{align*} x→∞limx3−x22x2−1=x→∞limx32x2=0
③极限幂指运算法则
lim x → x 0 f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → x 0 f ( x ) lim x → x 0 g ( x ) \lim_{x \to x_0} {f(x)^{g(x)}}=\lim_{x \to x_0} {f(x)^{\lim_{x \to x_0} g(x)}} x→x0limf(x)g(x)=x→x0limf(x)limx→x0g(x)
只有 0 0 , ∞ 0 , 1 ∞ \displaystyle0^0, \displaystyle \infty^0, 1^\infty 00,∞0,1∞型不确定,留在下章解决。