python中matplotlib绘图总结

python常用绘图示例

plot绘制曲线图

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
y = np.sin(x)
z = np.cos(x**2)

plt.figure(figsize=(8,4))
plt.plot(x,y,label="$sin(x)$",color="red",linewidth=2)
plt.plot(x,z,"b--",label="$cos(x^2)$")
plt.xlabel("Time(s)")
plt.ylabel("Volt")
plt.title("PyPlot First Example")
plt.ylim(-1.2,1.2)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
'''
xlabel: 设置X轴的文字
ylabel: 设置Y轴的文字
title: 设置图表的标题
ylim: 设置Y轴的范围
legend: 显示图示
'''

结果：

subplot(numRows, numCols, plotNum)绘制多轴图

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
y = np.sin(x)
z = np.cos(x**2)
t = np.tanh(x)

plt.figure(figsize=(8,4))
plt.subplot(221) # 第一行的左图
plt.title("sin(x)")
plt.plot(x,y,label="$sin(x)$",color="red",linewidth=2)
plt.legend()
plt.subplot(222) # 第一行的右图
plt.title("cos(x^2)")
plt.plot(x,z,"b--",label="$cos(x^2)$")
# plt.legend()  #注释后无题注
plt.subplot(212) # 第二整行
plt.title("tanh(x)")
plt.plot(x,t,label="$tanh(x)$",color="blue",linewidth=1)
plt.legend()

plt.show()

对图上的内容进行注释

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y = 2*x + 1

plt.figure(num=1, figsize=(8, 5),)
plt.plot(x, y,)
#设置边框线
ax = plt.gca()
#设置右侧与顶部框线为无
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
#设置左侧和底部框线到原点位置
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 0))

#绘制一个点
x0 = 1
y0 = 2*x0 + 1
plt.plot([x0, x0,], [0, y0,], 'k--', linewidth=2.5)#k--黑色的虚线
#scatter点划线，s控制点的大小
plt.scatter([x0, ], [y0, ], s=50, color='b')

#设置一个带注释的箭头，$$符号设置字体，xy，xycoords，xytext设置位置，
plt.annotate(r'$2x+1=%s$' % y0, xy=(x0, y0), xycoords='data', xytext=(+30, -30),
             textcoords='offset points',#设置线形
             fontsize=16,
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->', #设置箭头格式
                             connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2") )#设置线的弯曲程度

#设置一段注释的话
plt.text(-3, 3, r'$This\ is\ the\ some\ text. \mu\ \sigma_i\ \alpha_t$',#\用作转义字符
         fontdict={'size': 16, 'color': 'r'})

plt.show()

设置坐标轴上刻度数字的大小与背景

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-3, 3, 50)
y = 0.1*x

plt.figure()
plt.plot(x, y, linewidth=10, zorder=1)      # set zorder for ordering the plot in plt 2.0.2 or higher
plt.ylim(-2, 2)
ax = plt.gca()
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 0))

#设置坐标轴上刻度数字的大小与背景，防止被粗线遮挡
for label in ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels():
    label.set_fontsize(12)
    # set zorder for ordering the plot in plt 2.0.2 or higher
    label.set_bbox(dict(facecolor='white', edgecolor='none', alpha=0.8,zorder=2 ))#字体背景白色，边框为无，alpha代表透明度0.8
plt.show()

绘制散点图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

n = 1024    # data size
X = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
Y = np.random.normal(0, 1, n)
T = np.arctan2(Y, X)    # for color later on

plt.scatter(X, Y, s=75, c=T, alpha=.5)

plt.xlim(-1.5, 1.5)
plt.xticks(())  # ignore xticks
plt.ylim(-1.5, 1.5)
plt.yticks(())  # ignore yticks

plt.show()

绘制柱状图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

n = 12
X = np.arange(n)
Y1 = (1 - X / float(n)) * np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)
Y2 = (1 - X / float(n)) * np.random.uniform(0.5, 1.0, n)

#绘制柱状度
plt.bar(X, +Y1, facecolor='#9999ff', edgecolor='white')#正向，facecolor柱体的颜色，edgecolor边界颜色
plt.bar(X, -Y2, facecolor='#ff9999', edgecolor='white')#负向

#设置柱状图顶部的数字注释
for x, y in zip(X, Y1):
    # ha: horizontal alignment
    # va: vertical alignment
    plt.text(x + 0.4, y + 0.05, '%.2f' % y, ha='center', va='bottom')
for x, y in zip(X, Y2):
    # ha: horizontal alignment
    # va: vertical alignment
    plt.text(x + 0.4, -y - 0.05, '%.2f' % y, ha='center', va='top')

plt.xlim(-.5, n)
plt.xticks(())
plt.ylim(-1.25, 1.25)
plt.yticks(())

plt.show()

绘制等高线图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

def f(x,y):
    # the height function
    return (1 - x / 2 + x**5 + y**3) * np.exp(-x**2 -y**2)

n = 256
x = np.linspace(-3, 3, n)
y = np.linspace(-3, 3, n)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)

# use plt.contourf to filling contours
# X, Y and value for (X,Y) point
plt.contourf(X, Y, f(X, Y), 8, alpha=.75, cmap=plt.cm.hot)#8-等高线密集程度，alpha-颜色的色域，hot红色系

# use plt.contour to add contour lines
C = plt.contour(X, Y, f(X, Y), 8, colors='black', linewidth=.5)
# adding label 线上的注释
plt.clabel(C, inline=True, fontsize=10)

plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

绘图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# image data
a = np.array([0.313660827978, 0.365348418405, 0.423733120134,
              0.365348418405, 0.439599930621, 0.525083754405,
              0.423733120134, 0.525083754405, 0.651536351379]).reshape(3,3)

"""
for the value of "interpolation", check this:
http://matplotlib.org/examples/images_contours_and_fields/interpolation_methods.html
for the value of "origin"= ['upper', 'lower'], check this:
http://matplotlib.org/examples/pylab_examples/image_origin.html
"""
plt.imshow(a, interpolation='nearest', cmap='bone', origin='lower')
cb = plt.colorbar(shrink=.92)
cb.ax.tick_params(labelsize=16)

plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

绘制3d图

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

#建立一块图纸
fig = plt.figure()
#设置坐标轴
ax = Axes3D(fig)
# X, Y value
X = np.arange(-4, 4, 0.25)
Y = np.arange(-4, 4, 0.25)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
R = np.sqrt(X ** 2 + Y ** 2)
# height value
Z = np.sin(R)
#绘制3d曲面
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
"""
============= ================================================
        Argument      Description
        ============= ================================================
        *X*, *Y*, *Z* Data values as 2D arrays
        *rstride*     Array row stride (step size), defaults to 10
        *cstride*     Array column stride (step size), defaults to 10
        *color*       Color of the surface patches
        *cmap*        A colormap for the surface patches.
        *facecolors*  Face colors for the individual patches
        *norm*        An instance of Normalize to map values to colors
        *vmin*        Minimum value to map
        *vmax*        Maximum value to map
        *shade*       Whether to shade the facecolors
        ============= ================================================
"""

# I think this is different from plt12_contours
#设置3d曲面向地面的投影
ax.contourf(X, Y, Z, zdir='z', offset=-2, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'))
"""
==========  ================================================
        Argument    Description
        ==========  ================================================
        *X*, *Y*,   Data values as numpy.arrays
        *Z*
        *zdir*      The direction to use: x, y or z (default)
        *offset*    If specified plot a projection of the filled contour
                    on this position in plane normal to zdir
        ==========  ================================================
"""
#设置z坐标显示的范围
ax.set_zlim(-2, 2)
# 调整观察角度和方位角。这里将俯仰角设为60度，把方位角调整为35度
ax.view_init(60, 35)

plt.show()

图中图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
y = [1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 8, 6]

# below are all percentage
#设置图框线的位置
left, bottom, width, height = 0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8
ax1 = fig.add_axes([left, bottom, width, height])  # main axes
ax1.plot(x, y, 'r')
ax1.set_xlabel('x')
ax1.set_ylabel('y')
ax1.set_title('title')

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.2, 0.6, 0.25, 0.25])  # inside axes
ax2.plot(y, x, 'b')
ax2.set_xlabel('x')
ax2.set_ylabel('y')
ax2.set_title('title inside 1')


# different method to add axes
####################################
plt.axes([0.6, 0.2, 0.25, 0.25])
plt.plot(y[::-1], x, 'g')
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('title inside 2')

plt.show()

给第多个轴加题注/设置中文题注

import matplotlib as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
myfont = pl.font_manager.FontProperties(fname='C:\Windows\Fonts\simsun.ttc',size = 20,weight ="ultralight")

x = np.arange(0, 10, 0.1)
y1 = 0.05 * x**2
y2 = -1 *y1

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()

ax2 = ax1.twinx()    # mirror the ax1
ax1.plot(x, y1, 'g-')
ax2.plot(x, y2, 'b-')

ax1.set_xlabel('X data'， fontproperties=myfont)
ax1.set_ylabel('Y1 data', color='g'， fontproperties=myfont)
ax2.set_ylabel('Y2 data', color='b'， fontproperties=myfont)

plt.show()

plt.grid(linestyle=’-.’) ：设置栅格网络

此博文大部分程序都来自莫烦python的git，非常感谢莫烦老师的整理以及相关教学视频
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