JavaWeb学习笔记

Tomcat结构

bin目录下这两个bat文件要牢记

乱码问题解决：
1）更改conf/server.xml

<Connector port="8080" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="25" maxSpareThreads="75"
	enableLookups="false" redirectPort="8443" acceptCount="100"
	connectionTimeout="20000" disableUploadTimeout="true" 
	URIEncoding="UTF-8" /> 

在这个标签中加上URIEncoding="UTF-8"即可。

2）程序中更改

public class ThreeParams extends HttpServlet {
	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	    throws ServletException, IOException {
	        response.setContentType("text/html; charset=UTF-8");
	        ...
	}  
}

如果想知道idea配置tomcat，请移步这篇博客

配置启动端口号和主机名称

<Connector port="8080" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="25" maxSpareThreads="75"
	enableLookups="false" redirectPort="8443" acceptCount="100"
	connectionTimeout="20000" disableUploadTimeout="true" 
	URIEncoding="UTF-8" /> 

<Host name="www.qinjiang.com"  appBase="webapps"
    unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">

默认的主机名为：localhost->127.0.0.1
默认网站应用存放的位置为：webapps

网站的程序结构

--webapps ：Tomcat服务器的web目录
	-ROOT
	-kuangstudy ：网站的目录名
		- WEB-INF
			-classes : java程序
			-lib：web应用所依赖的jar包
			-web.xml ：网站配置文件
		- index.html 默认的首页
		- static 
            -css
            	-style.css
            -js
            -img
         -...

Http请求结构

消息头


还有个Cache-Control属性

响应头

响应体的一些信息

Accept：告诉浏览器，它所支持的数据类型
Accept-Encoding：支持哪种编码格式  GBK   UTF-8   GB2312  ISO8859-1
Accept-Language：告诉浏览器，它的语言环境
Cache-Control：缓存控制
Connection：告诉浏览器，请求完成是断开还是保持连接
HOST：主机..../.
Refresh：告诉客户端，多久刷新一次；
Location：让网页重新定位；

IDEA Maven Web项目搭建

等待项目初始化完毕


修改maven库为本地的

自动导入源码

普通maven项目的创建

IDEA中查看Maven依赖树

这能简化你的依赖导入的检查，甚至可以帮你检查有无循环依赖

补充，web项目中，需要替换为4.0版本

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                      http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0"
         metadata-complete="true">

</web-app>

Servlet

创建Servlet

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    
    //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式，可以相互调用，业务逻辑都一样；
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
        writer.print("Hello,Serlvet");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

写映射

<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
    <!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

记住，servlet和servlet-mapping都要配置。因为servlet-mapping是配置Servlet对应的映射路径。这两个缺一不可。

关于映射，有几个点要注意：
一个 Servlet 可以指定多个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello5</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

默认请求路径

<!--默认请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

指定一些后缀等

<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
    注意点，*前面不能加项目映射的路径
    hello/sajdlkajda.qinjiang
    -->
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高，如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求

<!--404-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

ServletContext

1.ServletContext是Web容器的一个全局单例对象，每次启动时就会创建并且初始化。
因此一个地方在ServletContext中设置了属性，另外一个地方也可以拿到这个属性

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        
        //this.getInitParameter()   初始化参数
        //this.getServletConfig()   Servlet配置
        //this.getServletContext()  Servlet上下文
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

        String username = "秦疆"; //数据
        context.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中，名字为：username 。值 username
    }
}

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

2.ServletContext也可以初始化一些参数，这些参数可以在web.xml文件中配置

<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
    resp.getWriter().print(url);
}

3.请求转发

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
    //RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
    //requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发；
    context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}

4.读取资源
Properties

在 java 目录下新建 properties
在 resources 目录下新建 properties
发现：都被打包到了同一个路径下：classes，我们俗称这个路径为classpath:

需要一个文件流实现这个功能

//=========================aa.properties
//uername=sjmp
//password=123456
//======================================

public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");

        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");

        resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

之后在学习了Spring框架之后，我们有更好的通过注解的办法来实现这个功能。

HttpServletResponse

向浏览器发送数据

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

设置响应头

void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

响应状态码

int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

Servlet下载文件

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    // 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
    String realPath = "F:\\班级管理\\西开【19525】\\2、代码\\JavaWeb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\target\\classes\\秦疆.png";
    System.out.println("下载文件的路径："+realPath);
    // 2. 下载的文件名是啥？
    String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
    // 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码，否则有可能乱码
    resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
    // 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
    FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
    // 5. 创建缓冲区
    int len = 0;
    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
    // 6. 获取OutputStream对象
    ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
    // 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端！
    while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
        out.write(buffer,0,len);
    }

    in.close();
    out.close();
}

重定向

void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;

//=====================================================================
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

    /*
        resp.setHeader("Location","/r/img");
        resp.setStatus(302);
         */
    resp.sendRedirect("/r/img");//重定向
}

重定向与转发的区别在于

相同点：
页面都会实现跳转

不同点：
请求转发的时候，URL 不会发生变化
重定向时候，URL 地址栏会发生变化

HttpServletRequest 获取参数，请求转发

用户Http的所有请求都会被封装到这个类的某个实例当中。因此，我们可以从实例的一些get、set方法中获取一定的信息

api:


API：

    String getAuthType();
    Cookie[] getCookies();
    long getDateHeader(String var1);
    String getHeader(String var1);
    Enumeration getHeaders(String var1);
    Enumeration getHeaderNames();
    int getIntHeader(String var1);
    String getMethod();
    String getPathInfo();
    String getPathTranslated();
    String getContextPath();
    String getQueryString();
    String getRemoteUser();
    boolean isUserInRole(String var1);
    Principal getUserPrincipal();
    String getRequestedSessionId();
    String getRequestURI();
    StringBuffer getRequestURL();
    String getServletPath();
    HttpSession getSession(boolean var1);
    HttpSession getSession();
    boolean isRequestedSessionIdValid();
    boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie();
    boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromURL();
    /** @deprecated */
    boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromUrl();

获取参数和请求转发：

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    String password = req.getParameter("password");
    String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
    System.out.println("=============================");
    //后台接收中文乱码问题
    System.out.println(username);
    System.out.println(password);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
    System.out.println("=============================");


    System.out.println(req.getContextPath());
    //通过请求转发
    //这里的 / 代表当前的web应用
    req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);

}

关于Cookie和Session

cookie常用api：

Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies(); //获得Cookie
cookie.getName(); //获得cookie中的key
cookie.getValue(); //获得cookie中的vlaue
new Cookie("lastLoginTime", System.currentTimeMillis()+""); //新建一个cookie
cookie.setMaxAge(24*60*60); //设置cookie的有效期
resp.addCookie(cookie); //响应给客户端一个cookie

一个 Web 站点可以给浏览器发送多个 Cookie，最多存放 20 个 cookie
cookie 大小有限制 4kb
300 个 cookie 浏览器上限

不设置有效期，关闭浏览器，自动失效
设置有效期为 0

cookie的编码解码

URLEncoder.encode("秦疆","utf-8")
URLDecoder.decode(cookie.getValue(),"UTF-8")

使用session，以及session常用api：

public class SessionDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        
        //解决乱码问题
        req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
        resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        
        //得到Session
        HttpSession session = req.getSession();
        //给Session中存东西
        session.setAttribute("name",new Person("秦疆",1));
        //获取Session的ID
        String sessionId = session.getId();

        //判断Session是不是新创建
        if (session.isNew()){
            resp.getWriter().write("session创建成功,ID:"+sessionId);
        }else {
            resp.getWriter().write("session以及在服务器中存在了,ID:"+sessionId);
        }

        //Session创建的时候做了什么事情；
//        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("JSESSIONID",sessionId);
//        resp.addCookie(cookie);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

//得到Session
HttpSession session = req.getSession();
Person person = (Person) session.getAttribute("name");
System.out.println(person.toString());
HttpSession session = req.getSession();
session.removeAttribute("name");
//手动注销Session
session.invalidate();

补充：现在有了redis之后，session已经不适用于用户登录了。因此我们需要重新利用起redis辅助我们的cookie。

session设置会话自动过期：

<!--设置Session默认的失效时间-->
<session-config>
    <!--15分钟后Session自动失效，以分钟为单位-->
    <session-timeout>15</session-timeout>
</session-config>

JavaBean、MVC架构、Filter、监听器等内容移动到这篇博客：传送门

最后，关于JSP的博客，我会移动到另一篇博客…

参考文章：传送门
参考视频：狂神说JavaWeb开发