本章将介绍 TiDB 中的视图功能。
概述
TiDB 支持视图,视图是一张虚拟表,该虚拟表的结构由创建视图时的 SELECT
语句定义。
- 通过视图可以对用户只暴露安全的字段及数据,进而保证底层表的敏感字段及数据的安全。
- 将频繁出现的复杂查询定义为视图,可以使复杂查询更加简单便捷。
创建视图
在 TiDB 当中,可以通过 CREATE VIEW
语句来将某个较为复杂的查询定义为视图,其语法如下:
CREATE VIEW view_name AS query;
请注意,创建的视图名称不能与已有的视图或表重名。
例如,在多表连接查询 章节当中,通过 JOIN
语句连接 books
表和 ratings
表查询到了带有平均评分的书籍列表。为了方便后续查询,可以将该查询语句定义为一个视图,SQL 语句如下所示:
CREATE VIEW book_with_ratings AS SELECT b.id AS book_id, ANY_VALUE(b.title) AS book_title, AVG(r.score) AS average_score FROM books b LEFT JOIN ratings r ON b.id = r.book_id GROUP BY b.id;
查询视图
视图创建完成后,便可以使用 SELECT
语句像查询一般数据表一样查询视图。
SELECT * FROM book_with_ratings LIMIT 10;
TiDB 在执行查询视图语句时,会将视图展开成创建视图时定义的 SELECT
语句,进而执行展开后的查询语句。
更新视图
目前 TiDB 中的视图不支持 ALTER VIEW view_name AS query;
语法,你可以通过以下两种方式实现视图的 “更新”:
- 先
DROP VIEW view_name;
语句删除旧视图,再通过CREATE VIEW view_name AS query;
语句创建新视图的方式来更新视图。 - 使用
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS query;
语句覆盖已存在的同名视图。
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW book_with_ratings AS SELECT b.id AS book_id, ANY_VALUE(b.title), ANY_VALUE(b.published_at) AS book_title, AVG(r.score) AS average_score FROM books b LEFT JOIN ratings r ON b.id = r.book_id GROUP BY b.id;
获取视图相关信息
使用 SHOW CREATE TABLE|VIEW view_name
语句
SHOW CREATE VIEW book_with_ratings\G
运行结果为:
*************************** 1. row *************************** View: book_with_ratings Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`%` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `book_with_ratings` (`book_id`, `ANY_VALUE(b.title)`, `book_title`, `average_score`) AS SELECT `b`.`id` AS `book_id`,ANY_VALUE(`b`.`title`) AS `ANY_VALUE(b.title)`,ANY_VALUE(`b`.`published_at`) AS `book_title`,AVG(`r`.`score`) AS `average_score` FROM `bookshop`.`books` AS `b` LEFT JOIN `bookshop`.`ratings` AS `r` ON `b`.`id`=`r`.`book_id` GROUP BY `b`.`id` character_set_client: utf8mb4 collation_connection: utf8mb4_general_ci 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查询 INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS
表
SELECT * FROM information_schema.views WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'book_with_ratings'\G
运行结果为:
*************************** 1. row *************************** TABLE_CATALOG: def TABLE_SCHEMA: bookshop TABLE_NAME: book_with_ratings VIEW_DEFINITION: SELECT `b`.`id` AS `book_id`,ANY_VALUE(`b`.`title`) AS `ANY_VALUE(b.title)`,ANY_VALUE(`b`.`published_at`) AS `book_title`,AVG(`r`.`score`) AS `average_score` FROM `bookshop`.`books` AS `b` LEFT JOIN `bookshop`.`ratings` AS `r` ON `b`.`id`=`r`.`book_id` GROUP BY `b`.`id` CHECK_OPTION: CASCADED IS_UPDATABLE: NO DEFINER: root@% SECURITY_TYPE: DEFINER CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT: utf8mb4 COLLATION_CONNECTION: utf8mb4_general_ci 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除视图
通过 DROP VIEW view_name;
语句可以删除已经创建的视图。
DROP VIEW book_with_ratings;
局限性
关于局限性,你可以通过阅读参考文档当中的视图章节进行了解。