压缩、解压缩及归档工具

压缩、解压缩和归档的工具主要有：

file-roller、compress/uncompress: .Z、gzip/gunzip: .gz、bzip2/bunzip2: .bz2、xz/unxz: .xz、zip/unzip、tar、cpio等等

 

compress/uncompress

关于compress的用法：

Unknown flag: '-'; Usage: compress [-dfvcVr] [-b maxbits] [file ...]
       -d   If given, decompression is done instead.
       -c   Write output on stdout, don't remove original.
       -b   Parameter limits the max number of bits/code.
       -f   Forces output file to be generated, even if one already.
            exists, and even if no space is saved by compressing.
            If -f is not used, the user will be prompted if stdin is.
            a tty, otherwise, the output file will not be overwritten.
       -v   Write compression statistics.
       -V   Output vesion and compile options.
       -r   Recursive. If a filename is a directory, descend
            into it and compress everything in it.

常用选项：

• -d: 解压缩，相当于uncompress
• -c: 结果输出至标准输出,不删除原文件
• -v: 显示详情
• uncompress 解压缩
• zcat file.Z >file  将file.Z文件解压缩，并显示到屏幕上，可以重定向到其他文件中

特性：压缩完成后，不会保留原文件。

[root@Centos7 app]#compress m
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 3608
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:40 messages-20180806
-rw-------. 1 root root  716051 Aug  6 19:41 m.Z


[root@Centos7 app]#compress -d m.Z
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 5816
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:41 m
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:40 messages-20180806


[root@Centos7 app]#compress -c m > m1.Z  
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 6516
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:41 m
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  716051 Aug  6 20:04 m1.Z
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:40 messages-20180806

[root@Centos7 app]#zcat m1.Z > m2
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 12332
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:41 m
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  716051 Aug  6 20:04 m1.Z
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 20:08 m2

 

 

gzip/gunzip

关于gzip用法说明：

[root@Centos7 app]#gzip --help
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

  -c, --stdout      write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
  -d, --decompress  decompress
  -f, --force       force overwrite of output file and compress links
  -h, --help        give this help
  -l, --list        list compressed file contents
  -L, --license     display software license
  -n, --no-name     do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
  -N, --name        save or restore the original name and time stamp
  -q, --quiet       suppress all warnings
  -r, --recursive   operate recursively on directories
  -S, --suffix=SUF  use suffix SUF on compressed files
  -t, --test        test compressed file integrity
  -v, --verbose     verbose mode
  -V, --version     display version number
  -1, --fast        compress faster
  -9, --best        compress better
    --rsyncable   Make rsync-friendly archive

常用选项：

• -d: 解压缩，相当于gunzip
• -c: 将压缩或解压缩的结果输出至标准输出
• -#： 1-9，指定压缩比，值越大压缩比越大

特性：压缩完成后，不保留原始文件。压缩率大于compress。

[root@Centos7 app]#gzip m
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 6204
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 20:08 m2
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:40 messages-20180806
-rw-------. 1 root root  394603 Aug  6 19:41 m.gz


[root@Centos7 app]#gzip -d m
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 8724
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:41 m
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 20:08 m2

[root@Centos7 app]#gzip -9 m
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 6196
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 20:08 m2
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:40 messages-20180806
-rw-------. 1 root root  388190 Aug  6 19:41 m.gz

 

 

bzip2/bunzip2/bzcat

关于bzip2的用法说明：

[root@Centos7 app]#bzip2 --help 
bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor.  Version 1.0.6, 6-Sept-2010.

   usage: bzip2 [flags and input files in any order]

   -h --help           print this message
   -d --decompress     force decompression
   -z --compress       force compression
   -k --keep           keep (don't delete) input files
   -f --force          overwrite existing output files
   -t --test           test compressed file integrity
   -c --stdout         output to standard out
   -q --quiet          suppress noncritical error messages
   -v --verbose        be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more)
   -L --license        display software version & license
   -V --version        display software version & license
   -s --small          use less memory (at most 2500k)
   -1 .. -9            set block size to 100k .. 900k
   --fast              alias for -1
   --best              alias for -9

   If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress.
              as `bunzip2',  default action is to decompress.
              as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout.

常用选项：

• -k: keep, 保留原文件
• -d：解压缩
• -#： 1-9，压缩比，默认为9

bzcat：不显式解压缩的前提下查看文本文件内容

特性：使用-k选项可以实现复制后保留原文件，压缩率：bzip2>gzip>compress

[root@Centos7 app]#bzip2 -k m2
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 6388
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 20:08 m2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  193018 Aug  6 20:08 m2.bz2

[root@Centos7 app]#bunzip2 m2.bz2
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 6196
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 20:08 m2

 

xz/unxz/xzcat

关于xz的用法说明：

Usage: xz [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or decompress FILEs in the .xz format.

  -z, --compress      force compression
  -d, --decompress, --uncompress
                      force decompression
  -t, --test          test compressed file integrity
  -l, --list          list information about .xz files
  -k, --keep          keep (don't delete) input files
  -f, --force         force overwrite of output file and (de)compress links
  -c, --stdout, --to-stdout
                      write to standard output and don't delete input files
  -0 ... -9           compression preset; default is 6; take compressor *and*
                      decompressor memory usage into account before using 7-9!
  -e, --extreme       try to improve compression ratio by using more CPU time;
                      does not affect decompressor memory requirements
  -T, --threads=NUM   use at most NUM threads; the default is 1; set to 0
                      to use as many threads as there are processor cores
  -q, --quiet         suppress warnings; specify twice to suppress errors too
  -v, --verbose       be verbose; specify twice for even more verbose
  -h, --help          display this short help and exit
  -H, --long-help     display the long help (lists also the advanced options)
  -V, --version       display the version number and exit

常用选项：

• -k: keep, 保留原文件
• -d：解压缩
• -#： 1-9，压缩比，默认为6

xzcat: 不显式解压缩的前提下查看文本文件内容

特性：使用-k选项，压缩完成后可以保留原文件。压缩率：xz>bzip2>gzip>compress

[root@Centos7 app]#xz -k m
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 9032
-rw-------. 1 root root 2975289 Aug  6 19:41 m
-rw-------. 1 root root  116792 Aug  6 19:41 m.xz

 

zip/unzip

关于zip用法说明：

[root@Centos7 app]#zip --help
Copyright (c) 1990-2008 Info-ZIP - Type 'zip "-L"' for software license.
Zip 3.0 (July 5th 2008). Usage:
zip [-options] [-b path] [-t mmddyyyy] [-n suffixes] [zipfile list] [-xi list]
  The default action is to add or replace zipfile entries from list, which
  can include the special name - to compress standard input.
  If zipfile and list are omitted, zip compresses stdin to stdout.
  -f   freshen: only changed files  -u   update: only changed or new files
  -d   delete entries in zipfile    -m   move into zipfile (delete OS files)
  -r   recurse into directories     -j   junk (don't record) directory names
  -0   store only                   -l   convert LF to CR LF (-ll CR LF to LF)
  -1   compress faster              -9   compress better
  -q   quiet operation              -v   verbose operation/print version info
  -c   add one-line comments        -z   add zipfile comment
  -@   read names from stdin        -o   make zipfile as old as latest entry
  -x   exclude the following names  -i   include only the following names
  -F   fix zipfile (-FF try harder) -D   do not add directory entries
  -A   adjust self-extracting exe   -J   junk zipfile prefix (unzipsfx)
  -T   test zipfile integrity       -X   eXclude eXtra file attributes
  -y   store symbolic links as the link instead of the referenced file
  -e   encrypt                      -n   don't compress these suffixes
  -h2  show more help

打包压缩
zip –r /testdir/sysconfig /etc/sysconfig/

特性：可以针对文件夹进行压缩打包 。压缩率不是很高。

[root@Centos7 app]#zip test /etc/sysconfig/
  adding: etc/sysconfig/ (stored 0%)
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     178 Aug  7 09:05 test.zip

 

tar

tar（ Tape ARchive，磁带归档的缩写）
tar [OPTION]...
(1) 创建归档
tar -cpvf /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE.tar FILE...

[root@Centos7 app]#tar -cpvf etc.tar etc
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 9700
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root    4096 Aug  7 09:49 etc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  276480 Aug  7 09:49 etc.tar

(2) 追加文件至归档： 注：不支持对压缩文件追加
tar -r -f /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE.tar FILE...

[root@Centos7 app]#tar rf test1.tar /etc/issue
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@Centos7 app]#tar -tvf test1.tar
[root@Centos7 app]#tar -tvf test1.tar
drwxrwx--- root/root         0 2018-08-07 10:19 etc/
-rw------- root/root      2393 2018-08-07 10:19 etc/ip6tables-config
-rw------- root/root      2374 2018-08-07 10:19 etc/iptables-config
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2018-08-07 10:19 etc/cbq/
-rw-r--r-- root/root        23 2018-04-29 00:35 etc/issue

(3) 查看归档文件中的文件列表
tar -t -f /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE.tar
(4) 展开归档
tar -x -f /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE.tar
tar -x -f /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE.tar -C /PATH/
(5) 结合压缩工具实现：归档并压缩
-j: bzip2, -z: gzip, -J: xz

[root@Centos7 app]#tar jcvf etc.tar.bz2 etc
[root@Centos7 app]#tar Jcvf etc.tar.xz etc 
[root@Centos7 app]#tar zcvf etc.tar.gz etc 
[root@Centos7 app]#ll
total 9848
drwxrwx---+ 6 root root    4096 Aug  7 10:19 etc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   45634 Aug  7 10:38 etc.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   56577 Aug  7 10:40 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   44748 Aug  7 10:39 etc.tar.xz

（6）-T选项指定输入文件,-X选项指定包含要排除的文件列表
tar zcvf mybackup.tgz -T /root/includefilelist -X /root/excludefilelist
（7）分割大的 tar 文件为多份小文件：
split –b Size –d tar-file-name prefix-name
split -b 1M –d mybackup.tgz mybackup-parts
split -b 1M mybackup.tgz mybackup-parts
（8）合并：
cat mybackup-parts* > mybackup.tar.gz

 

cpio

功能：pio命令可以复制文件到归档包中，或者从归档包中复制文件。
cpio命令是通过重定向的方式将文件进行打包备份，还原恢复的工具，它可以解压以“.cpio” 或者“.tar” 结尾的文件
cpio [选项] > 文件名或者设备名
cpio [选项] < 文件名或者设备名
选项
-o 将文件拷贝打包成文件或者将文件输出到设备上
-i 解包，将打包文件解压或将设备上的备份还原到系统
-t 预览，查看文件内容或者输出到设备上的文件内容
-v 显示打包过程中的文件名称。
-d 解包生成目录，在cpio还原时，自动的建立目录
-c 一种较新的存储方式
示例
将etc目录备份：
find ./etc -print |cpio -ov >etc.cpio
内容预览
cpio –tv < etc.cpio
解包文件
cpio –idv < etc.cpio