If you check-out the classes you can make your own decision about how to select the LI elements, I would use the .ui-li class and if you want to make sure to only get one listview element then you can specify a more detailed selector:
#my-listview-id > .ui-li {
height : 20%;
}
Here is some sample listview output from the jQuery Mobile docs:
UPDATE
There was a little more to this than I had previously posted, here is some tested/working code:
#my-page {
height : 100%;
margin : 0;
padding : 0;
}
#my-page .ui-content, #my-listview {
min-height : 100%;
height : 100%;
margin : 0;
padding : 0;
}
#my-listview .ui-li {
height : 20%;
}
Where #my-page is the id of my data-role="page" element and #my-listview is the id of the data-role="listview" element.