一、RabbitMQ介绍
1.1Rabbit作用
-
服务调用:异步调用
-
海量请求问题:通过队列进行削峰
-
多个服务之间调用:降低耦合
1.2 RabbitMQ介绍
RabbitMQ是实现了高级消息队列协议(AMQP)的开源消息代理软件(亦称面向消息的中间件)。RabbitMQ服务器是用Erlang语言编写的,而集群和故障转移是构建在开放电信平台框架上的。所有主要的编程语言均有与代理接口通讯的客户端库。
首先RabbitMQ基于AMQP协议开发,所以很多基于AMQP协议的功能RabbitMQ都是支持的,比如SpringCloud中的消息总线bus
其次RabbitMQ是基于Erlang编写,这是也是RabbitMQ天生的优势,Erlang被称为面向并发编程的语言,并发能力极强,在众多的MQ中,RabbitMQ的延迟特别低,在微秒级别,所以一般的业务处理RabbitMQ比Kafka和RocketMQ更有优势。
最后RabbitMQ提供自带了图形化界面,操作方便,还自带了多种集群模式,可以保证RabbitMQ的高可用,并且SpringBoot默认就整合RabbitMQ,使用简单方便。
二、RabbitMQ安装
2.1 安装步骤
用Docker的方式在Linux中安装RabbitMQ,直接使用docker-compose.yml文件即可安装RabbitMQ服务
version: '3.1'
services:
rabbitmq:
restart: always
image: daocloud.io/library/rabbitmq:3.8.8
restart: always
volumes:
- ./data/:/var/lib/rabbitmq/
- ./log/:/var/log/rabbitmq/log/
ports:
- 15672:15672
- 5672:5672
执行 docker-compose up -d
运行,响应AMQP为成功
2.2 开启图形化界面
默认情况下,当前镜像的图形化界面默认没有开启,需要进入到容器内部开启图形化管理界面
端口号:15672,默认用户和密码均为:guest
三、RabbitMQ构架
官方地址:https://rabbitmq.com/tutorials/amqp-concepts.html
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框架图 |
可以看出Publisher和Consumer都是单独和RabbitMQ服务中某一个Virtual Host建立Connection的客户端
后续通过Connection可以构建Channel通道,用来发布、接收消息。
一个Virtual Host中可以有多个Exchange和Queue,Exchange可以同时绑定多个Queue。
在基于架构图查看图形化界面,会更加清晰。
![]() |
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图形化信息 |
四、RabbitMQ通讯方式
RabbitMQ提供了7种通讯方式,官方查看:https://rabbitmq.com/getstarted.html
4.1 RabbitMQ提供的通讯方式
- Hello World!:为了入门操作!
- Work queues:一个队列被多个消费者依次消费
- Publish/Subscribe:手动创建Exchange(FANOUT)
- Routing:手动创建Exchange(DIRECT)
- Topics:手动创建Exchange(TOPIC)
- RPC:RPC方式
- Publisher Confirms:保证消息可靠性
4.2 准备验证
- 导入依赖:amqp-client,junit
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId>
<artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId>
<version>5.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
构建工具类:
package com.xx.util;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
*/
public class RabbitMQConnectionUtil {
public static final String RABBITMQ_HOST = "xxx.xxx.xx.xx";
public static final int RABBITMQ_PORT = 5672;
public static final String RABBITMQ_USERNAME = "guest";
public static final String RABBITMQ_PASSWORD = "guest";
public static final String RABBITMQ_VIRTUAL_HOST = "/";
/**
* 构建RabbitMQ的连接对象
* @return
*/
public static Connection getConnection() throws Exception {
//1. 创建Connection工厂
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
//2. 设置RabbitMQ的连接信息
factory.setHost(RABBITMQ_HOST);
factory.setPort(RABBITMQ_PORT);
factory.setUsername(RABBITMQ_USERNAME);
factory.setPassword(RABBITMQ_PASSWORD);
factory.setVirtualHost(RABBITMQ_VIRTUAL_HOST);
//3. 返回连接对象
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
return connection;
}
}
4.3 Hello World
生产者:
package com.xx.helloworld;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
*/
public class Publisher {
public static final String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";
@Test
public void publish() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);
//4. 发布消息
String message = "Hello World!";
channel.basicPublish("",QUEUE_NAME,null,message.getBytes());
System.out.println("消息发送成功!");
}
}
消费者:
package com.xx.helloworld;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
* @date 2022/1/24 23:02
*/
public class Consumer {
@Test
public void consume() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(Publisher.QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);
//4. 监听消息
DefaultConsumer callback = new DefaultConsumer(channel){
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
System.out.println("消费者获取到消息:" + new String(body,"UTF-8"));
}
};
channel.basicConsume(Publisher.QUEUE_NAME,true,callback);
System.out.println("开始监听队列");
System.in.read();
}
}
4.4 Work Queues
- 生产者:生产者和Hello World的形式是一样的,都是将消息推送到默认交换机。
- 消费者:让消费者关闭自动ack,并且设置消息的流控,最终实现消费者可以尽可能去多消费消息
package com.xx.workqueues;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
*/
public class Consumer {
@Test
public void consume1() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(Publisher.QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);
//3.5 设置消息的流控
channel.basicQos(3);
//4. 监听消息
DefaultConsumer callback = new DefaultConsumer(channel){
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("消费者1号-获取到消息:" + new String(body,"UTF-8"));
channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(),false);
}
};
channel.basicConsume(Publisher.QUEUE_NAME,false,callback);
System.out.println("开始监听队列");
System.in.read();
}
@Test
public void consume2() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(Publisher.QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);
channel.basicQos(3);
//4. 监听消息
DefaultConsumer callback = new DefaultConsumer(channel){
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("消费者2号-获取到消息:" + new String(body,"UTF-8"));
channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(),false);
}
};
channel.basicConsume(Publisher.QUEUE_NAME,false,callback);
System.out.println("开始监听队列");
System.in.read();
}
}
4.5 Publish/Subscribe
生产者:自行构建Exchange并绑定指定队列(交换机类型:FANOUT)
消费者如上
package com.xx.pubsub;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.BuiltinExchangeType;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
*/
public class Publisher {
public static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "pubsub";
public static final String QUEUE_NAME1 = "pubsub-one";
public static final String QUEUE_NAME2 = "pubsub-two";
@Test
public void publish() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建交换机
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.FANOUT);
//4. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME1,false,false,false,null);
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME2,false,false,false,null);
//5. 绑定交换机和队列,使用的是FANOUT类型的交换机,绑定方式是直接绑定
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME1,EXCHANGE_NAME,"");
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME2,EXCHANGE_NAME,"");
//6. 发消息到交换机
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"1",null,"publish/subscribe!".getBytes());
System.out.println("消息成功发送!");
}
}
4.6 Routing
生产者:在绑定Exchange和Queue时,需要指定好routingKey,同时在发送消息时,也指定routingKey,只有routingKey一致时,才会把指定的消息路由到指定的Queue,上面的发布订阅是路由形式的一种,直接绑定。
package com.xx.routing;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.BuiltinExchangeType;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
*/
public class Publisher {
public static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "routing";
public static final String QUEUE_NAME1 = "routing-one";
public static final String QUEUE_NAME2 = "routing-two";
@Test
public void publish() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建交换机
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
//4. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME1,false,false,false,null);
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME2,false,false,false,null);
//5. 绑定交换机和队列
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME1,EXCHANGE_NAME,"ORANGE");
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME2,EXCHANGE_NAME,"BLACK");
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME2,EXCHANGE_NAME,"GREEN");
//6. 发消息到交换机
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"ORANGE",null,"大橙子!".getBytes());
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"BLACK",null,"黑布林大狸子".getBytes());
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"WHITE",null,"小白兔!".getBytes());
System.out.println("消息成功发送!");
}
}
4.7 Topic
生产者:TOPIC类型可以编写带有特殊意义的routingKey的绑定方式,也就是routing的增强,不光可以按照固定的路由进行绑定,‘’泛型‘’也可。
package com.xx.topics;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.BuiltinExchangeType;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
* @date 2022/1/25 20:28
*/
public class Publisher {
public static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic";
public static final String QUEUE_NAME1 = "topic-one";
public static final String QUEUE_NAME2 = "topic-two";
@Test
public void publish() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建交换机
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.TOPIC);
//4. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME1,false,false,false,null);
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME2,false,false,false,null);
//5. 绑定交换机和队列,
// TOPIC类型的交换机在和队列绑定时,需要以aaa.bbb.ccc..方式编写routingkey
// 其中*代表一个点内容,#代表多个点
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME1,EXCHANGE_NAME,"*.orange.*");
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME2,EXCHANGE_NAME,"*.*.rabbit");
channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME2,EXCHANGE_NAME,"lazy.#");
//6. 发消息到交换机
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"big.orange.rabbit",null,"大橙兔子!".getBytes());
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"small.white.rabbit",null,"小白兔".getBytes());
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"lazy.dog.dog.dog.dog.dog.dog",null,"懒狗狗狗狗".getBytes());
System.out.println("消息成功发送!");
}
}
4.8 RPC
因为两个服务在交互时,可以尽量做到Client和Server的解耦,通过RabbitMQ进行解耦操作
需要让Client发送消息时,携带两个属性:
- replyTo告知Server响应结果放到哪个队列
- correlationId告知Server发送相应消息时,需要携带位置标示来告知Client响应的信息
客户端:
package com.xx.rpc;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.UUID;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
* @date 2022/2/8 20:03
*/
public class Publisher {
public static final String QUEUE_PUBLISHER = "rpc_publisher";
public static final String QUEUE_CONSUMER = "rpc_consumer";
@Test
public void publish() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_PUBLISHER,false,false,false,null);
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_CONSUMER,false,false,false,null);
//4. 发布消息
String message = "Hello RPC!";
String uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
AMQP.BasicProperties props = new AMQP.BasicProperties()
.builder()
.replyTo(QUEUE_CONSUMER)
.correlationId(uuid)
.build();
channel.basicPublish("",QUEUE_PUBLISHER,props,message.getBytes());
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_CONSUMER,false,new DefaultConsumer(channel){
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
String id = properties.getCorrelationId();
if(id != null && id.equalsIgnoreCase(uuid)){
System.out.println("接收到服务端的响应:" + new String(body,"UTF-8"));
}
channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(),false);
}
});
System.out.println("消息发送成功!");
System.in.read();
}
}
服务端:
package com.xx.rpc;
import com.xx.helloworld.Publisher;
import com.xx.util.RabbitMQConnectionUtil;
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @author lw
* @description
*/
public class Consumer {
public static final String QUEUE_PUBLISHER = "rpc_publisher";
public static final String QUEUE_CONSUMER = "rpc_consumer";
@Test
public void consume() throws Exception {
//1. 获取连接对象
Connection connection = RabbitMQConnectionUtil.getConnection();
//2. 构建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//3. 构建队列
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_PUBLISHER,false,false,false,null);
channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_CONSUMER,false,false,false,null);
//4. 监听消息
DefaultConsumer callback = new DefaultConsumer(channel){
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
System.out.println("消费者获取到消息:" + new String(body,"UTF-8"));
String resp = "获取到了client发出的请求,这里是响应的信息";
String respQueueName = properties.getReplyTo();
String uuid = properties.getCorrelationId();
AMQP.BasicProperties props = new AMQP.BasicProperties()
.builder()
.correlationId(uuid)
.build();
channel.basicPublish("",respQueueName,props,resp.getBytes());
channel.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(),false);
}
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_PUBLISHER,false,callback);
System.out.println("开始监听队列");
System.in.read();
}
}