实用的pythondjango项目_开始你的第一个Django应用【Python web实战】

玩转API

现在，我们一起进入交互式的Python shell，并使用Django提供的免费API。要调用Python shell，请使用一下命令：

python manage.py shell

我们没有简单的输入python而是使用这个命令，因为manage.py设置了DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE环境变量，这给了Django提供了你的mysite/settings.py文件的Python导入路径。

绕过manage.py

如果你不想用manage.py也没问题， 只要将mysite.settings，打开一个普通的python shell，然后设置Django：

>>>import django

>>>django.setup()

如果这引发了一个AttributeError，你也许用的Django版本不是1.11，请更换不同版本的教程或者升级你的Django。

你必须在manage.py所在的目录下运行Python，或者保证目录在Python路径上，import mysite才能正常工作。

更多相关信息，请参考>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice # Import the model classes we just wrote.

# No questions are in the system yet.

>>> Question.objects.all()

# Create a new Question.

# Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so

# Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now()

# instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing.

>>> from django.utils import timezone

>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())

# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.

>>> q.save()

# Now it has an ID. Note that this might say "1L" instead of "1", depending

# on which database you're using. That's no biggie; it just means your

# database backend prefers to return integers as Python long integer

# objects.

>>> q.id

1

# Access model field values via Python attributes.

>>> q.question_text

"What's new?"

>>> q.pub_date

datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=)

# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().

>>> q.question_text = "What's up?"

>>> q.save()

# objects.all() displays all the questions in the database.

>>> Question.objects.all()

]>

等一下！<>完全是一个没有任何帮助的表达，让我们编辑问题模型(在polls/models.py文件中)来解决这个问题。然后添加__str__()方法到Question和Choice。

polls/models.py

from django.db import models

from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible

@python_2_unicode_compatible # only if you need to support Python 2

class Question(models.Model): def __str__(self): return self.question_text

@python_2_unicode_compatible # only if you need to support Python 2

class Choice(models.Model): def __str__(self): return self.choice_text

__str__()方法的添加是很重要的，不光是为了你自己处理交互提示的方便，也是因为对象的展示是通过Django的自动生成admin的。

注意这些都是普通Python方法，现在我们添加一个自定义方法，为了演示使用。

polls/models.py

import datetime

from django.db import models

from django.utils import timezone

class Question(models.Model): def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)

请注意，添加import datetime和django.utils import timezone可以分别在django.utils.timezone中引用Python的标准datetime模块和Django的时区相关实用程序。如果您不熟悉Python中的时区处理，您可以在python manage.py shell启动一个新的Python shell：

>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice

# Make sure our __str__() addition worked.

>>> Question.objects.all()

]>

# Django provides a rich database lookup API that's entirely driven by

# keyword arguments.

>>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)

]>

>>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What')

]>

# Get the question that was published this year.

>>> from django.utils import timezone

>>> current_year = timezone.now().year

>>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)

# Request an ID that doesn't exist, this will raise an exception.

>>> Question.objects.get(id=2)

Traceback (most recent call last):

...

DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.

# Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a

# shortcut for primary-key exact lookups.

# The following is identical to Question.objects.get(id=1).

>>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)

# Make sure our custom method worked.

>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)

>>> q.was_published_recently()

True

# Give the Question a couple of Choices. The create call constructs a new

# Choice object, does the INSERT statement, adds the choice to the set

# of available choices and returns the new Choice object. Django creates

# a set to hold the "other side" of a ForeignKey relation

# (e.g. a question's choice) which can be accessed via the API.

>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)

# Display any choices from the related object set -- none so far.

>>> q.choice_set.all()

# Create three choices.

>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)

>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)

>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)

# Choice objects have API access to their related Question objects.

>>> c.question

# And vice versa: Question objects get access to Choice objects.

>>> q.choice_set.all()

, , ]>

>>> q.choice_set.count()

3

# The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need.

# Use double underscores to separate relationships.

# This works as many levels deep as you want; there's no limit.

# Find all Choices for any question whose pub_date is in this year

# (reusing the 'current_year' variable we created above).

>>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)

, , ]>

# Let's delete one of the choices. Use delete() for that.

>>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')

>>> c.delete()

有关模型关系的更多信息，请参阅访问